Coordinating a Computing Activity Across Applications and Devices Having Multiple Operation Modes in an Orchestration Framework for Connected Devices

ABSTRACT

Aspects described herein allow multiple devices to function as a coherent whole, allowing each device to take on distinct functions that are complementary to one another. Aspects described herein also allow the devices function as a coherent whole when interconnected devices and their respective applications are configured to operate in various operation modes, when management policies are employed to control the operation of the interconnected devices and their respective applications, when transferring content between the interconnected devices and storing the content at those devices, when obtaining access credentials for the interconnected devices that enable the devices to access enterprise resources, when a policy agent applies management policies to control operation of and interaction between the interconnected devices, and when the interconnected devices are used to access an enterprise application store.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/861,199 entitled “ORCHESTRATION FRAMEWORK FOR CONNECTED DEVICES”and filed on Aug. 1, 2013, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety in this disclosure.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/712,956 entitled “Multi-Device” and filed on Oct. 12, 2012; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/712,962 entitled “OrchestrationFramework for Connected Devices” and filed on Oct. 12, 2012; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/824,204 entitled “Multi-DeviceInteraction” and filed on May 16, 2013 each of which are incorporated byreference in their entirety in this disclosure.

This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/713,718 entitled “Secure Data Sharing Among Managed Applications” andfiled on Oct. 15, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/806,557 entitled “Systems and Methods for Enterprise MobilityManagement” and filed on Mar. 29, 2013; and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/886,889 entitled “Application with Multiple Operation Modes” andfiled on May 3, 2013 each of which are also incorporated by reference intheir entirety in this disclosure.

The application is also related to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/713,715 entitled “Managing Dynamic Policies and Settings forMobile Applications” and filed on Oct. 15, 2012, which is incorporatedby reference in its entirety in this disclosure.

This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/714,293 entitled “Managing Encrypted File Vaults for ManagedApplications on Unmanaged Mobile Device” filed on Oct. 16, 2012; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/649,076 entitled “Gateway for ControllingMobile Device Access to Enterprise Resources” and filed on Oct. 10,2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/546,021; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/546,922; U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/649,134; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/702,671; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,788,536 to Qureshi et al. entitled“Automated Detection of Software Problems in Software ApplicationDeployments” and issued on Aug. 31, 2010 each of which are incorporatedby reference in their entirety in this disclosure.

This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/886,845 entitled “Secured Access to Resources Using a Proxy” andfiled on May 3, 2013; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/390,110entitled “Implementing Single Sign-On Across a Heterogeneous Collectionof Client/Server and Web-Based Applications” and filed on Feb. 20, 2009;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/575,121 entitled “Authenticating aClient Using Linked Authentication Credentials” and filed on Oct. 7,2009; U.S. Pat. No. 6,681,330 to Bradford et al. entitled “Method andSystem for a Heterogeneous Computer Network System with UnobtrusiveCross-Platform User Access” and issued on Jan. 20, 2004; and U.S. Pat.No. 6,243,816 to Fang et al. entitled “Single Sign-On (SSO) MechanismPersonal Key Manager” and issued on Jun. 5, 2001 each of which areincorporated by reference in their entirety in this disclosure.

This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/713,762 entitled “Conveying Data Between Secure ApplicationsRunning on an Electronic Mobile Device” and filed on Oct. 15, 2012; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/713,718 entitled “Secure DataSharing Among Managed Applications” and filed on Oct. 15, 2012; and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/714,469 entitled “Policy-BasedControl of a Managed Application Derived from an Unmanaged Application”and filed on Oct. 16, 2012 each of which are incorporated by referencein their entirety in this disclosure.

This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/643,629 entitled “Virtual Machine Receiver with Social NetworkIntegration” and filed on May 7, 2012; and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/644,060 entitled “Virtual Machine Receiver withSocial Network Integration” and filed on May 8, 2012 each of which areincorporated by reference in their entirety in this disclosure.

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, personal computers included operating systems,applications, and user settings for a single user. Personal computerswere generally both used and managed by their owners. However, manyorganizations are now using virtualization, remote access and/or cloudsof computing resources to fulfill their computing needs. Clouds ofvirtualized computing resources generally allow for the operatingsystems, applications, and user settings of multiple users to beincluded on a single physical machine. Desktop virtualization technologyallows multiple instances of an operating system to be kept separate, sothe activity of one user does not affect the experience of other users.Cloud computing environments allow for computers owned by the cloudoperator to be managed by the cloud operator but used by cloud users,who may be customers of the cloud operator.

A virtual machine client agent is an application that allows a user atype of virtualized remote access to corporate applications, desktopsand data, even when said “remote” resources are on the physical machinethe user may be using. Each client agent may communicate with a centralenterprise server that lists which applications and other resource havebeen selected by the user, and which applications and other resourcesare available for the user to select or request.

As virtualization becomes increasingly popular and more cost effective,new problems arise that aspects described herein address. For example,we are currently in the post PC era, and moving from a single device toa multi device world. This typically involves at least 4 screens—a smartphone, a tablet, a full featured laptop/desktop, and large, room mounteddisplays. Each of these devices can independently run software such asweb browsers, meeting software (such as GOTOMEETING® by Citrix SystemsInc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.), and personal information managers (PIMsoftware), and document/productivity software. However, each of thesedevices runs independently, largely unaware of other devices. The mostlinkage that currently occurs between devices typically involvesmirroring screens from one device to another. Typical examples of thisinclude displaying a laptop screen on a large, room-mounted display, ordisplaying a tablet/smart phone display onto a laptop, which then getsdisplayed on a large, room mounted display.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects describedherein. This summary is not an extensive overview, and is not intendedto identify key or critical elements or to delineate the scope of theclaims. The following summary merely presents some concepts in asimplified form as an introductory prelude to the more detaileddescription provided below.

To overcome limitations in the prior art described above, and toovercome other limitations that will be apparent upon reading andunderstanding the present specification, aspects described herein aredirected to an orchestration framework for managing the interactionbetween interconnected devices in a coordinated fashion.

A first aspect described herein provides a method for coordinating acomputing activity across applications and devices having multipleoperation modes in an orchestration framework for connected devices.Computing devices may be interconnected through an orchestrationframework that coordinates operation of a computing activity acrossmultiple computing devices of the plurality of computing devices. Acomputing activity may be initiated at one computing device, and arequest may be received from the computing device to perform at least aportion of the computing activity at another computing devices. Whetherto instruct the other computing device to perform at least a portion ofthe computing activity may be determined based, at least in part, on theoperation modes of the computing devices. The operation modes mayinclude a managed operation mode and an unmanaged operation mode. Theother computing device may be instructed via the orchestration frameworkto perform at least a portion of the computing device when the operationmodes are the same.

A second aspect described herein provides an apparatus for coordinatinga computing activity across applications and devices having multipleoperation modes in an orchestration framework for connected devices. Theapparatus may include one or more processors and memory withcomputer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions may,when executed, cause the apparatus to interconnect multiple computingdevices through an orchestration framework that coordinates operation ofa computing activity across the multiple computing devices. Theapparatus may receive a request to perform at a computing device atleast a portion of a computing activity initiated at another computingdevice. The apparatus may also determine whether to instruct thecomputing device to perform at least a portion of the computing activitybased, at least in part, on the operation modes of the computingdevices. The operations modes may include a managed operation mode andan unmanaged operation mode. The apparatus may instruct the computingdevice, via the orchestration framework, to perform at least a portionof the computing activity when the operation modes are the same.

A third aspect described herein provides non-transitorycomputer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause acomputing device to connect to one or more computing devices through anorchestration framework that coordinates operation of a computingactivity across the computing devices. The computing device may initiatea computing activity and receive an indication of a computing deviceselected to perform at least a portion of the computing activity. Thecomputing device may display a list of computing devices available forselection, and the list may be based on the respective operation modesof the computing devices. The operation modes may include a managedoperation mode and an unmanaged operation mode. The computing device mayprovide a request to the orchestration to instruct a selected computingdevice to perform at least a portion of the computing activity.

Some aspects also described herein provide that the portion of thecomputing activity performed at another computing device may bepresentation of content at the other computing device or the receipt ofinput at the other computing device. A computing device may beinstructed to perform at least a portion of the computing activity ifthe computing device is in a managed operation mode and the computingdevice that initiated the computing activity is in an unmanagedoperation mode. An instruction to perform at least a portion of thecomputing activity may not be provided if the computing device thatinitiated the computing activity is in an managed operation mode and theother computing is in an unmanaged operation mode.

A computing device may also be instructed, via the orchestrationframework, to change from an unmanaged operation mode to a managedoperation mode, and the portion of the computing activity may beperformed at the computing device after the computing device changes tothe managed operation mode. An application capable of performing theportion of the computing activity may also be identified, and theapplication may be instructed, via the orchestration framework, tochange to the managed operation mode. The application may perform theportion of the portion of the computing activity after the applicationchanges to the managed operation mode.

If the operation modes of the computing devices are not the same, thenperformance of the portion of the computing activity at one of thecomputing devices may be blocked. A management policy may also beapplied to determine whether to instruct a computing device to performat least a portion of the computing activity based on the operationmodes of the computing devices. The management policy may permit acomputing device to perform at least a portion of the computing activitywhen the operations modes of the computing devices are the same. Themanagement policy may also permit a computing device to perform at leasta portion of a computing activity when the computing device is in amanaged operation mode and the computing device that initiated thecomputing activity is in an unmanaged operation mode. The managementpolicy may not permit a computing device to perform at least a portionof the computing activity when the computing device is in an unmanagedoperation mode and the computing device that initiated the computingactivity is in a managed operation mode.

The list of computing devices available for selection may includeselectable computing devices having operation modes that are the same asthe operation mode of the computing device that initiated the computingactivity and exclude computing devices that do not have the sameoperation mode as the computing device that initiated the computingactivity. If the computing device that initiated the computing activityis in the managed operation mode, then the list may include selectablecomputing devices that are also in the managed operation mode. If thecomputing device that initiated the computing activity is in theunmanaged operation mode, then the list may include selectable computingdevices that are in the managed or unmanaged operation modes.

A computing device may also launch an application in response to receiptof an instruction via the orchestration framework. The instruction mayindicate a desired operation mode for the application, and the operationmode of the application may be set to the desired operation mode. Anotification may be provided via the orchestration framework indicatingthat the application has been launched with the desired operation mode.The orchestration framework may be configured to interconnect computingdevices via a client-server communication session, a peer-to-peercommunication session, and combinations thereof.

These and additional aspects will be appreciated with the benefit of thedisclosures discussed in further detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of aspects described herein and theadvantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the followingdescription in consideration of the accompanying drawings, in which likereference numbers indicate like features, and wherein:

FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative computer system architecture that may beused in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects describedherein.

FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative remote-access system architecture thatmay be used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 3 depicts an illustrative virtualized (hypervisor) systemarchitecture that may be used in accordance with one or moreillustrative aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 depicts an illustrative cloud-based system architecture that maybe used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects describedherein.

FIG. 5 depicts an illustrative enterprise mobility management system.

FIG. 6 depicts another illustrative enterprise mobility managementsystem.

FIG. 7 illustrates multi-device use according to one or moreillustrative aspects described herein.

FIG. 8 illustrates a system architecture that may be used according toone or more illustrative aspects described herein.

FIG. 9A illustrates a system architecture according to one or moreillustrative aspects described herein.

FIG. 9B illustrates a system architecture according to one or moreadditional illustrative aspects described herein.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of example method steps for cross-device filesharing.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of example method steps for cross-device URLsharing.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of example method steps for cross-devicecopy-and-paste functionality.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of example method steps for launching a sharedfile at a destination device.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an example environment in whichembodiments hereof can be practiced.

FIG. 15 depicts a sample interface of a mobile device in accordance withan embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart for determining an application mode for anapplication in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart for determining an account type context for anapplication in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart for determining a location context for anapplication in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart for determining a predetermine application statuscontext for an application in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart for determining a network connection context foran application in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart for determining a settings context for anapplication in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart for switching an application mode for anapplication in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an example environment in whichembodiments hereof can be practiced.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of an example environment in whichembodiments hereof can be practiced.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of various features of the mobile device ofFIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a mobile device.

FIG. 27 illustrates security-related components and application that maybe installed on a mobile device.

FIG. 28 depicts an illustrative system having a client, a proxy,resource(s), and/or authentication service(s).

FIG. 29 depicts an illustrative detailed view of a client and a proxy.

FIG. 30A is a flowchart of example method steps for authenticationand/or providing secured access to resources using a proxy.

FIG. 30B is a flowchart of additional example method steps forauthentication and/or providing secured access to resources using aproxy.

FIG. 30C is a flowchart of yet additional example method steps forauthentication and/or providing secured access to resources using aproxy.

FIG. 31A is a block diagram of an electronic mobile device which issuitable for use in conveying data between secure applications.

FIG. 31B is a block diagram of secure applications that are configuredto access a hidden encrypted pasteboard.

FIG. 31C illustrates an example copy of data into the general clipboardby an unsecure application that creates a detectable copy event.

FIG. 31D illustrates example ways data can move in and out of a device

FIG. 32 illustrates an example electronic environment which is suitablefor configuring management policies at a device.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart of example method steps for transferring contentbetween computing devices based on the operation mode of the computingdevices.

FIG. 34 is another flowchart of example method steps for transferringcontent between computing devices based on the operation mode of thecomputing devices.

FIG. 35 is an additional flowchart of example method steps fortransferring content between computing devices based on the operationmode of the computing devices.

FIG. 36 is a flowchart of example method steps for determining whetherto permit a request to copy to and paste from a virtual clipboard basedon the operation mode of a computing device.

FIG. 37 is a flowchart of example method steps for identifying a set ofcomputing devices available for selection as a destination computingdevice based on the respective operation modes of the computing devices.

FIG. 38 is a flowchart of example method steps for obtaining amanagement policy and distributing the management policy amonginterconnected computing devices.

FIG. 39 is a flowchart of example method steps for applying a managementpolicy to determine whether a computing device can access a resource,share the resource with another computing device, and transfer contentfrom the resource to another computing device.

FIG. 40 is a flowchart of example method steps for applying a managementpolicy to manage the transfer of content from one computing device toanother computing device.

FIG. 41 is a flowchart of example method steps for applying a managementpolicy to determine whether a user is permitted to connect a newcomputing device via an orchestration framework.

FIG. 42 is a flowchart of example method steps for transferring contentbetween computing devices based on a data vault type of a data vaultthat stores the content at the computing devices.

FIG. 43 is another flowchart of example method steps for transferringcontent between computing devices based on a data vault type of a datavault that stores the content at the computing devices.

FIG. 44 is a flowchart of example method steps for carrying out aninstruction to wipe content respectively stored at interconnectedcomputing devices.

FIG. 45 is a flowchart of example method steps identifying a set ofcomputing devices available for selection as a destination computingdevice based on the respective data vault types of data vaults at thecomputing devices.

FIG. 46 is a flowchart of example method steps for obtaining SSOcredentials for interconnected computing devices.

FIG. 47 is another flowchart of example method steps for obtaining SSOcredentials for interconnected computing devices.

FIG. 48 is a flowchart of example method steps for providing amanagement policy to interconnected computing devices that includerespective policy agents.

FIG. 49 is another flowchart of example method steps for providing amanagement policy to interconnected computing devices that includerespective policy agents.

FIG. 50 is a flowchart of example method steps for managing the transferof content from a computing device subject to a policy agent to anothercomputing device subject to a policy agent.

FIG. 51 is a flowchart of example method steps for coordinatingoperation of a computing activity at multiple computing devicesinterconnected through an orchestration framework.

FIG. 52 is a flowchart of example method steps for selecting aninterconnected computing device to perform at least a portion of acomputing activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To address the above problems, and others that will be apparent to thereader, aspects described herein allow multiple devices to function as acoherent whole, allowing each device to take on distinct functions thatare complementary to one another. Aspects described herein also allowthe devices function as a coherent whole when interconnected devices andtheir respective applications are configured to operate in variousoperation modes, when management policies are employed to control theoperation of the interconnected devices and their respectiveapplications, when transferring content between the interconnecteddevices and storing the content at those devices, when obtaining accesscredentials for the interconnected devices that enable the devices toaccess enterprise resources, when a policy agent applies managementpolicies to control operation of and interaction between theinterconnected devices, and when the interconnected devices are used toaccess a virtual workspace and enterprise application store.

As described in further detail below, an orchestration framework mayinterconnect multiple computing devices and coordinate operation of acomputing activity across the interconnected devices. According to oneaspect, the orchestration framework may make content residing at onecomputing device available to another computing device for presentationat that computing device. For example, the orchestration framework maymake video content residing at a tablet computing device available to alarger display device (e.g., a television) that presents the videocontent. According to another aspect of the orchestration framework, acomputing activity may be initiated at a first computing device, and aportion of that computing activity may be performed at one of the othercomputing devices. For example, an online meeting may be initiated at amobile cellular telephone, audio from the online meeting may be outputat a larger audio output device (e.g., a speaker system), and video fromthe online meeting may be output to a larger display device. As anotherexample, a document editing application may be initiated at a tabletcomputing device, input to the application may be received at a keyboardof a desktop computing device, and the interface of the application maybe presented at a larger display device. Additional aspects and exampleswill be appreciated with the benefit of the detailed descriptionprovided below.

Stated more generally, functionality, input, and output associated withan application may be spread across multiple devices that areinterconnected by the orchestration framework such that theinterconnected devices operate as a coordinated whole. In addition, theorchestration framework may also cause the interconnected devices tooperate as a coordinated whole by providing applications, credentials,content, and other resources to the interconnected computing devices.The orchestration framework may interconnect the computing devices viaclient-server communication session, a peer-to-peer communicationsession, or both. As described in further detail below, eachinterconnected computing device may include a respective orchestrationagent that communicates with an orchestration service at a server duringthe client-server communication session in order to coordinate operationof the computing activity. The orchestration agents may also communicatewith each other during the peer-to-peer communication session tocoordinate operation of the computing activity. The orchestration agentsmay communication with each other to coordinate operation of thecomputing activity with or without the orchestration service at aserver.

Additionally, computing devices and applications respectively residingat those computing device may be described below as managed orunmanaged. If a computing device or application is managed,functionality of the computing device or application may be selectivelyenabled, disabled, or modified. By managing a computing device or anapplication, an enterprise may secure the computing device orapplication as described in further detail below. Accordingly, acomputing device or application may also be referred to as secured orunsecured. It will be appreciated, however, that an enterprise maymanage a computing device or application in a secured or unsecured way.Therefore, in some examples, a computing device may be a managedcomputing device that is a secured computing device or an unsecuredcomputing device depending on the particular management policiesutilized to manage the computing device or application.

In the following description of the various embodiments, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings identified above and which form a parthereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration various embodimentsin which aspects described herein may be practiced. It is to beunderstood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural andfunctional modifications may be made without departing from the scopedescribed herein. Various aspects are capable of other embodiments andof being practiced or being carried out in various different ways.

It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used hereinare for the purpose of description and should not be regarded aslimiting. Rather, the phrases and terms used herein are to be giventheir broadest interpretation and meaning. The use of “including” and“comprising” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the itemslisted thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional itemsand equivalents thereof. The use of the terms “mounted,” “connected,”“coupled,” “positioned,” “engaged” and similar terms, is meant toinclude both direct and indirect mounting, connecting, coupling,positioning and engaging.

Computing Architecture

Computer software, hardware, and networks may be utilized in a varietyof different system environments, including standalone, networked,remote-access (aka, remote desktop), virtualized, and/or cloud-basedenvironments, among others. FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a systemarchitecture and data processing device that may be used to implementone or more illustrative aspects described herein in a standalone and/ornetworked environment. Various network nodes 103, 105, 107, and 109 maybe interconnected via a wide area network (WAN) 101, such as theInternet. Other networks may also or alternatively be used, includingprivate intranets, corporate networks, local area networks (LANs),metropolitan area networks (MAN), wireless networks, personal networks(PAN), and the like. Network 101 is for illustration purposes and may bereplaced with fewer or additional computer networks. A LAN may have oneor more of any known LAN topology and may use one or more of a varietyof different protocols, such as Ethernet. Devices 103, 105, 107, 109 andother devices (not shown) may be connected to one or more of thenetworks via twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, fiber optics, radiowaves or other communication media.

The term “network” as used herein and depicted in the drawings refersnot only to systems in which remote storage devices are coupled togethervia one or more communication paths, but also to stand-alone devicesthat may be coupled, from time to time, to such systems that havestorage capability. Consequently, the term “network” includes not only a“physical network” but also a “content network,” which is comprised ofthe data—attributable to a single entity—which resides across allphysical networks.

The components may include data server 103, web server 105, and clientcomputers 107, 109. Data server 103 provides overall access, control andadministration of databases and control software for performing one ormore illustrative aspects describe herein. Data server 103 may beconnected to web server 105 through which users interact with and obtaindata as requested. Alternatively, data server 103 may act as a webserver itself and be directly connected to the Internet. Data server 103may be connected to web server 105 through the network 101 (e.g., theInternet), via direct or indirect connection, or via some other network.Users may interact with the data server 103 using remote computers 107,109, e.g., using a web browser to connect to the data server 103 via oneor more externally exposed web sites hosted by web server 105. Clientcomputers 107, 109 may be used in concert with data server 103 to accessdata stored therein, or may be used for other purposes. For example,from client device 107 a user may access web server 105 using anInternet browser, as is known in the art, or by executing a softwareapplication that communicates with web server 105 and/or data server 103over a computer network (such as the Internet).

Servers and applications may be combined on the same physical machines,and retain separate virtual or logical addresses, or may reside onseparate physical machines. FIG. 1 illustrates just one example of anetwork architecture that may be used, and those of skill in the artwill appreciate that the specific network architecture and dataprocessing devices used may vary, and are secondary to the functionalitythat they provide, as further described herein. For example, servicesprovided by web server 105 and data server 103 may be combined on asingle server.

Each component 103, 105, 107, 109 may be any type of known computer,server, or data processing device. Data server 103, e.g., may include aprocessor 111 controlling overall operation of the rate server 103. Dataserver 103 may further include RAM 113, ROM 115, network interface 117,input/output interfaces 119 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, display, printer,etc.), and memory 121. I/O 119 may include a variety of interface unitsand drives for reading, writing, displaying, and/or printing data orfiles. Memory 121 may further store operating system software 123 forcontrolling overall operation of the data processing device 103, controllogic 125 for instructing data server 103 to perform aspects describedherein, and other application software 127 providing secondary, support,and/or other functionality which may or may not be used in conjunctionwith aspects described herein. The control logic may also be referred toherein as the data server software 125. Functionality of the data serversoftware may refer to operations or decisions made automatically basedon rules coded into the control logic, made manually by a user providinginput into the system, and/or a combination of automatic processingbased on user input (e.g., queries, data updates, etc.).

Memory 121 may also store data used in performance of one or moreaspects described herein, including a first database 129 and a seconddatabase 131. In some embodiments, the first database may include thesecond database (e.g., as a separate table, report, etc.). That is, theinformation can be stored in a single database, or separated intodifferent logical, virtual, or physical databases, depending on systemdesign. Devices 105, 107, 109 may have similar or different architectureas described with respect to device 103. Those of skill in the art willappreciate that the functionality of data processing device 103 (ordevice 105, 107, 109) as described herein may be spread across multipledata processing devices, for example, to distribute processing loadacross multiple computers, to segregate transactions based on geographiclocation, user access level, quality of service (QoS), etc.

One or more aspects may be embodied in computer-usable or readable dataand/or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more programmodules, executed by one or more computers or other devices as describedherein. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks orimplement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor ina computer or other device. The modules may be written in a source codeprogramming language that is subsequently compiled for execution, or maybe written in a scripting language such as (but not limited to)Javascript or ActionScript. The computer executable instructions may bestored on a computer readable medium such as a nonvolatile storagedevice. Any suitable computer readable storage media may be utilized,including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, magnetic storagedevices, and/or any combination thereof. In addition, varioustransmission (non-storage) media representing data or events asdescribed herein may be transferred between a source and a destinationin the form of electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conductingmedia such as metal wires, optical fibers, and/or wireless transmissionmedia (e.g., air and/or space). Various aspects described herein may beembodied as a method, a data processing system, or a computer programproduct. Therefore, various functionalities may be embodied in whole orin part in software, firmware and/or hardware or hardware equivalentssuch as integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), andthe like. Particular data structures may be used to more effectivelyimplement one or more aspects described herein, and such data structuresare contemplated within the scope of computer executable instructionsand computer-usable data described herein.

With further reference to FIG. 2, one or more aspects described hereinmay be implemented in a remote-access environment. FIG. 2 depicts anexample system architecture including a generic computing device 201 inan illustrative computing environment 200 that may be used according toone or more illustrative aspects described herein. Generic computingdevice 201 may be used as a server 206 a in a single-server ormulti-server desktop virtualization system (e.g., a remote access orcloud system) configured to provide virtual machines for client accessdevices. The generic computing device 201 may have a processor 203 forcontrolling overall operation of the server and its associatedcomponents, including random access memory (RAM) 205, read-only memory(ROM) 207, input/output (I/O) module 209, and memory 215.

I/O module 209 may include a mouse, keypad, touch screen, scanner,optical reader, and/or stylus (or other input device(s)) through which auser of generic computing device 201 may provide input, and may alsoinclude one or more of a speaker for providing audio output and a videodisplay device for providing textual, audiovisual, and/or graphicaloutput. Software may be stored within memory 215 and/or other storage toprovide instructions to processor 203 for configuring generic computingdevice 201 into a special purpose computing device in order to performvarious functions as described herein. For example, memory 215 may storesoftware used by the computing device 201, such as an operating system217, application programs 219, and an associated database 221.

Computing device 201 may operate in a networked environment supportingconnections to one or more remote computers, such as terminals 240 (alsoreferred to as client devices). The terminals 240 may be personalcomputers, mobile devices, laptop computers, tablets, or servers thatinclude many or all of the elements described above with respect to thegeneric computing device 103 or 201. The network connections depicted inFIG. 2 include a local area network (LAN) 225 and a wide area network(WAN) 229, but may also include other networks. When used in a LANnetworking environment, computing device 201 may be connected to the LAN225 through a network interface or adapter 223. When used in a WANnetworking environment, computing device 201 may include a modem 227 orother wide area network interface for establishing communications overthe WAN 229, such as computer network 230 (e.g., the Internet). It willbe appreciated that the network connections shown are illustrative andother means of establishing a communications link between the computersmay be used. Computing device 201 and/or terminals 240 may also bemobile terminals (e.g., mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, notebooks,etc.) including various other components, such as a battery, speaker,and antennas (not shown).

Aspects described herein may also be operational with numerous othergeneral purpose or special purpose computing system environments orconfigurations. Examples of other computing systems, environments,and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with aspectsdescribed herein include, but are not limited to, personal computers,server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumerelectronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers,distributed computing environments that include any of the above systemsor devices, and the like.

As shown in FIG. 2, one or more client devices 240 may be incommunication with one or more servers 206 a-206 n (generally referredto herein as “server(s) 206”). In one embodiment, the computingenvironment 200 may include a network appliance installed between theserver(s) 206 and client machine(s) 240. The network appliance maymanage client/server connections, and in some cases can load balanceclient connections amongst a plurality of backend servers 206.

The client machine(s) 240 may in some embodiments be referred to as asingle client machine 240 or a single group of client machines 240,while server(s) 206 may be referred to as a single server 206 or asingle group of servers 206. In one embodiment a single client machine240 communicates with more than one server 206, while in anotherembodiment a single server 206 communicates with more than one clientmachine 240. In yet another embodiment, a single client machine 240communicates with a single server 206.

A client machine 240 can, in some embodiments, be referenced by any oneof the following non-exhaustive terms: client machine(s); client(s);client computer(s); client device(s); client computing device(s); localmachine; remote machine; client node(s); endpoint(s); or endpointnode(s). The server 206, in some embodiments, may be referenced by anyone of the following non-exhaustive terms: server(s), local machine;remote machine; server farm(s), or host computing device(s).

In one embodiment, the client machine 240 may be a virtual machine. Thevirtual machine may be any virtual machine, while in some embodimentsthe virtual machine may be any virtual machine managed by a Type 1 orType 2 hypervisor, for example, a hypervisor developed by CitrixSystems, IBM, VMware, or any other hypervisor. In some aspects, thevirtual machine may be managed by a hypervisor, while in aspects thevirtual machine may be managed by a hypervisor executing on a server 206or a hypervisor executing on a client 240.

Some embodiments include a client device 240 that displays applicationoutput generated by an application remotely executing on a server 206 orother remotely located machine. In these embodiments, the client device240 may execute a virtual machine client agent program or application todisplay the output in an application window, a browser, or other outputwindow. In one example, the application is a desktop, while in otherexamples the application is an application that generates or presents adesktop. A desktop may include a graphical shell providing a userinterface for an instance of an operating system in which local and/orremote applications can be integrated. Applications, as used herein, areprograms that execute after an instance of an operating system (and,optionally, also the desktop) has been loaded.

The server 206, in some embodiments, uses a remote presentation protocolor other program to send data to a thin-client or remote-displayapplication executing on the client to present display output generatedby an application executing on the server 206. The thin-client orremote-display protocol can be any one of the following non-exhaustivelist of protocols: the Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocoldeveloped by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.; or the RemoteDesktop Protocol (RDP) manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation ofRedmond, Wash.

A remote computing environment may include more than one server 206a-206 n such that the servers 206 a-206 n are logically grouped togetherinto a server farm 206, for example, in a cloud computing environment.The server farm 206 may include servers 206 that are geographicallydispersed while and logically grouped together, or servers 206 that arelocated proximate to each other while logically grouped together.Geographically dispersed servers 206 a-206 n within a server farm 206can, in some embodiments, communicate using a WAN (wide), MAN(metropolitan), or LAN (local), where different geographic regions canbe characterized as: different continents; different regions of acontinent; different countries; different states; different cities;different campuses; different rooms; or any combination of the precedinggeographical locations. In some embodiments the server farm 206 may beadministered as a single entity, while in other embodiments the serverfarm 206 can include multiple server farms.

In some embodiments, a server farm may include servers 206 that executea substantially similar type of operating system platform (e.g.,WINDOWS, UNIX, LINUX, iOS, ANDROID, SYMBIAN, etc.) In other embodiments,server farm 206 may include a first group of one or more servers thatexecute a first type of operating system platform, and a second group ofone or more servers that execute a second type of operating systemplatform.

Server 206 may be configured as any type of server, as needed, e.g., afile server, an application server, a web server, a proxy server, anappliance, a network appliance, a gateway, an application gateway, agateway server, a virtualization server, a deployment server, a SSL VPNserver, a firewall, a web server, an application server or as a masterapplication server, a server executing an active directory, or a serverexecuting an application acceleration program that provides firewallfunctionality, application functionality, or load balancingfunctionality. Other server types may also be used.

Some embodiments include a first server 206 a that receives requestsfrom a client machine 240, forwards the request to a second server 206b, and responds to the request generated by the client machine 240 witha response from the second server 206 b. First server 206 a may acquirean enumeration of applications available to the client machine 240 andwell as address information associated with an application server 206hosting an application identified within the enumeration ofapplications. First server 206 a can then present a response to theclient's request using a web interface, and communicate directly withthe client 240 to provide the client 240 with access to an identifiedapplication. One or more clients 240 and/or one or more servers 206 maytransmit data over network 230, e.g., network 101.

FIG. 2 shows a high-level architecture of an illustrative desktopvirtualization system. As shown, the desktop virtualization system maybe single-server or multi-server system, or cloud system, including atleast one virtualization server 206 configured to provide virtualdesktops and/or virtual applications to one or more client accessdevices 240. As used herein, a desktop refers to a graphical environmentor space in which one or more applications may be hosted and/orexecuted. A desktop may include a graphical shell providing a userinterface for an instance of an operating system in which local and/orremote applications can be integrated. Applications may include programsthat execute after an instance of an operating system (and, optionally,also the desktop) has been loaded. Each instance of the operating systemmay be physical (e.g., one operating system per device) or virtual(e.g., many instances of an OS running on a single device). Eachapplication may be executed on a local device, or executed on a remotelylocated device (e.g., remoted).

With further reference to FIG. 3, a computer device 301 may beconfigured as a virtualization server in a virtualization environment,for example, a single-server, multi-server, or cloud computingenvironment. Virtualization server 301 illustrated in FIG. 3 can bedeployed as and/or implemented by one or more embodiments of the server206 illustrated in FIG. 2 or by other known computing devices. Includedin virtualization server 301 is a hardware layer that can include one ormore physical disks 304, one or more physical devices 306, one or morephysical processors 308 and one or more physical memories 316. In someembodiments, firmware 312 can be stored within a memory element in thephysical memory 316 and can be executed by one or more of the physicalprocessors 308. Virtualization server 301 may further include anoperating system 314 that may be stored in a memory element in thephysical memory 316 and executed by one or more of the physicalprocessors 308. Still further, a hypervisor 302 may be stored in amemory element in the physical memory 316 and can be executed by one ormore of the physical processors 308.

Executing on one or more of the physical processors 308 may be one ormore virtual machines 332A-C (generally 332). Each virtual machine 332may have a virtual disk 326A-C and a virtual processor 328A-C. In someembodiments, a first virtual machine 332A may execute, using a virtualprocessor 328A, a control program 320 that includes a tools stack 324.Control program 320 may be referred to as a control virtual machine,Dom0, Domain 0, or other virtual machine used for system administrationand/or control. In some embodiments, one or more virtual machines 332B-Ccan execute, using a virtual processor 328B-C, a guest operating system330A-B.

Virtualization server 301 may include a hardware layer 310 with one ormore pieces of hardware that communicate with the virtualization server301. In some embodiments, the hardware layer 310 can include one or morephysical disks 304, one or more physical devices 306, one or morephysical processors 308, and one or more memory 216. Physical components304, 306, 308, and 316 may include, for example, any of the componentsdescribed above. Physical devices 306 may include, for example, anetwork interface card, a video card, a keyboard, a mouse, an inputdevice, a monitor, a display device, speakers, an optical drive, astorage device, a universal serial bus connection, a printer, a scanner,a network element (e.g., router, firewall, network address translator,load balancer, virtual private network (VPN) gateway, Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) router, etc.), or any device connected toor communicating with virtualization server 301. Physical memory 316 inthe hardware layer 310 may include any type of memory. Physical memory316 may store data, and in some embodiments may store one or moreprograms, or set of executable instructions. FIG. 3 illustrates anembodiment where firmware 312 is stored within the physical memory 316of virtualization server 301. Programs or executable instructions storedin the physical memory 316 can be executed by the one or more processors308 of virtualization server 301.

Virtualization server 301 may also include a hypervisor 302. In someembodiments, hypervisor 302 may be a program executed by processors 308on virtualization server 301 to create and manage any number of virtualmachines 332. Hypervisor 302 may be referred to as a virtual machinemonitor, or platform virtualization software. In some embodiments,hypervisor 302 can be any combination of executable instructions andhardware that monitors virtual machines executing on a computingmachine. Hypervisor 302 may be Type 2 hypervisor, where the hypervisorthat executes within an operating system 314 executing on thevirtualization server 301. Virtual machines then execute at a levelabove the hypervisor. In some embodiments, the Type 2 hypervisorexecutes within the context of a user's operating system such that theType 2 hypervisor interacts with the user's operating system. In otherembodiments, one or more virtualization servers 201 in a virtualizationenvironment may instead include a Type 1 hypervisor (Not Shown). A Type1 hypervisor may execute on the virtualization server 301 by directlyaccessing the hardware and resources within the hardware layer 310. Thatis, while a Type 2 hypervisor 302 accesses system resources through ahost operating system 314, as shown, a Type 1 hypervisor may directlyaccess all system resources without the host operating system 314. AType 1 hypervisor may execute directly on one or more physicalprocessors 308 of virtualization server 301, and may include programdata stored in the physical memory 316.

Hypervisor 302, in some embodiments, can provide virtual resources tooperating systems 330 or control programs 320 executing on virtualmachines 332 in any manner that simulates the operating systems 330 orcontrol programs 320 having direct access to system resources. Systemresources can include, but are not limited to, physical devices 306,physical disks 304, physical processors 308, physical memory 316 and anyother component included in virtualization server 301 hardware layer310. Hypervisor 302 may be used to emulate virtual hardware, partitionphysical hardware, virtualize physical hardware, and/or execute virtualmachines that provide access to computing environments. In still otherembodiments, hypervisor 302 controls processor scheduling and memorypartitioning for a virtual machine 332 executing on virtualizationserver 301. Hypervisor 302 may include those manufactured by VMWare,Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif.; the XEN® hypervisor, an open source productwhose development is overseen by the open source Xen.org community;HyperV, VirtualServer or virtual PC hypervisors provided by Microsoft,or others. In some embodiments, virtualization server 301 executes ahypervisor 302 that creates a virtual machine platform on which guestoperating systems may execute. In these embodiments, the virtualizationserver 301 may be referred to as a host server. An example of such avirtualization server is the XEN SERVER® provided by Citrix Systems,Inc., of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Hypervisor 302 may create one or more virtual machines 332B-C (generally332) in which guest operating systems 330 execute. In some embodiments,hypervisor 302 may load a virtual machine image to create a virtualmachine 332. In other embodiments, the hypervisor 302 may executes aguest operating system 330 within virtual machine 332. In still otherembodiments, virtual machine 332 may execute guest operating system 330.

In addition to creating virtual machines 332, hypervisor 302 may controlthe execution of at least one virtual machine 332. In other embodiments,hypervisor 302 may presents at least one virtual machine 332 with anabstraction of at least one hardware resource provided by thevirtualization server 301 (e.g., any hardware resource available withinthe hardware layer 310). In other embodiments, hypervisor 302 maycontrol the manner in which virtual machines 332 access physicalprocessors 308 available in virtualization server 301. Controllingaccess to physical processors 308 may include determining whether avirtual machine 332 should have access to a processor 308, and howphysical processor capabilities are presented to the virtual machine332.

As shown in FIG. 3, virtualization server 301 may host or execute one ormore virtual machines 332. A virtual machine 332 is a set of executableinstructions that, when executed by a processor 308, imitate theoperation of a physical computer such that the virtual machine 332 canexecute programs and processes much like a physical computing device.While FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment where a virtualization server 301hosts three virtual machines 332, in other embodiments virtualizationserver 301 can host any number of virtual machines 332. Hypervisor 302,in some embodiments, provides each virtual machine 332 with a uniquevirtual view of the physical hardware, memory, processor and othersystem resources available to that virtual machine 332. In someembodiments, the unique virtual view can be based on one or more ofvirtual machine permissions, application of a policy engine to one ormore virtual machine identifiers, a user accessing a virtual machine,the applications executing on a virtual machine, networks accessed by avirtual machine, or any other desired criteria. For instance, hypervisor302 may create one or more unsecure virtual machines 332 and one or moresecure virtual machines 332. Unsecure virtual machines 332 may beprevented from accessing resources, hardware, memory locations, andprograms that secure virtual machines 332 may be permitted to access. Inother embodiments, hypervisor 302 may provide each virtual machine 332with a substantially similar virtual view of the physical hardware,memory, processor and other system resources available to the virtualmachines 332.

Each virtual machine 332 may include a virtual disk 326A-C (generally326) and a virtual processor 328A-C (generally 328.) The virtual disk326, in some embodiments, is a virtualized view of one or more physicaldisks 304 of the virtualization server 301, or a portion of one or morephysical disks 304 of the virtualization server 301. The virtualizedview of the physical disks 304 can be generated, provided and managed bythe hypervisor 302. In some embodiments, hypervisor 302 provides eachvirtual machine 332 with a unique view of the physical disks 304. Thus,in these embodiments, the particular virtual disk 326 included in eachvirtual machine 332 can be unique when compared with the other virtualdisks 326.

A virtual processor 328 can be a virtualized view of one or morephysical processors 308 of the virtualization server 301. In someembodiments, the virtualized view of the physical processors 308 can begenerated, provided and managed by hypervisor 302. In some embodiments,virtual processor 328 has substantially all of the same characteristicsof at least one physical processor 308. In other embodiments, virtualprocessor 308 provides a modified view of physical processors 308 suchthat at least some of the characteristics of the virtual processor 328are different than the characteristics of the corresponding physicalprocessor 308.

With further reference to FIG. 4, some aspects described herein may beimplemented in a cloud-based environment. FIG. 4 illustrates an exampleof a cloud computing environment (or cloud system) 400. As seen in FIG.4, client computers 411-414 may communicate with a cloud managementserver 410 to access the computing resources (e.g., host servers 403,storage resources 404, and network resources 405) of the cloud system.

Management server 410 may be implemented on one or more physicalservers. The management server 410 may run, for example, CLOUDSTACK byCitrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., or OPENSTACK, amongothers. Management server 410 may manage various computing resources,including cloud hardware and software resources, for example, hostcomputers 403, data storage devices 404, and networking devices 405. Thecloud hardware and software resources may include private and/or publiccomponents. For example, a cloud may be configured as a private cloud tobe used by one or more particular customers or client computers 411-414and/or over a private network. In other embodiments, public clouds orhybrid public-private clouds may be used by other customers over an openor hybrid networks.

Management server 410 may be configured to provide user interfacesthrough which cloud operators and cloud customers may interact with thecloud system. For example, the management server 410 may provide a setof APIs and/or one or more cloud operator console applications (e.g.,web-based or standalone applications) with user interfaces to allowcloud operators to manage the cloud resources, configure thevirtualization layer, manage customer accounts, and perform other cloudadministration tasks. The management server 410 also may include a setof APIs and/or one or more customer console applications with userinterfaces configured to receive cloud computing requests from end usersvia client computers 411-414, for example, requests to create, modify,or destroy virtual machines within the cloud. Client computers 411-414may connect to management server 410 via the Internet or othercommunication network, and may request access to one or more of thecomputing resources managed by management server 410. In response toclient requests, the management server 410 may include a resourcemanager configured to select and provision physical resources in thehardware layer of the cloud system based on the client requests. Forexample, the management server 410 and additional components of thecloud system may be configured to provision, create, and manage virtualmachines and their operating environments (e.g., hypervisors, storageresources, services offered by the network elements, etc.) for customersat client computers 411-414, over a network (e.g., the Internet),providing customers with computational resources, data storage services,networking capabilities, and computer platform and application support.Cloud systems also may be configured to provide various specificservices, including security systems, development environments, userinterfaces, and the like.

Certain clients 411-414 may be related, for example, different clientcomputers creating virtual machines on behalf of the same end user, ordifferent users affiliated with the same company or organization. Inother examples, certain clients 411-414 may be unrelated, such as usersaffiliated with different companies or organizations. For unrelatedclients, information on the virtual machines or storage of any one usermay be hidden from other users.

Referring now to the physical hardware layer of a cloud computingenvironment, availability zones 401-402 (or zones) may refer to acollocated set of physical computing resources. Zones may begeographically separated from other zones in the overall cloud ofcomputing resources. For example, zone 401 may be a first clouddatacenter located in California, and zone 402 may be a second clouddatacenter located in Florida. Management sever 410 may be located atone of the availability zones, or at a separate location. Each zone mayinclude an internal network that interfaces with devices that areoutside of the zone, such as the management server 410, through agateway. End users of the cloud (e.g., clients 411-414) might or mightnot be aware of the distinctions between zones. For example, an end usermay request the creation of a virtual machine having a specified amountof memory, processing power, and network capabilities. The managementserver 410 may respond to the user's request and may allocate theresources to create the virtual machine without the user knowing whetherthe virtual machine was created using resources from zone 401 or zone402. In other examples, the cloud system may allow end users to requestthat virtual machines (or other cloud resources) are allocated in aspecific zone or on specific resources 403-405 within a zone.

In this example, each zone 401-402 may include an arrangement of variousphysical hardware components (or computing resources) 403-405, forexample, physical hosting resources (or processing resources), physicalnetwork resources, physical storage resources, switches, and additionalhardware resources that may be used to provide cloud computing servicesto customers. The physical hosting resources in a cloud zone 401-402 mayinclude one or more computer servers 403, such as the virtualizationservers 301 described above, which may be configured to create and hostvirtual machine instances. The physical network resources in a cloudzone 401 or 402 may include one or more network elements 405 (e.g.,network service providers) comprising hardware and/or softwareconfigured to provide a network service to cloud customers, such asfirewalls, network address translators, load balancers, virtual privatenetwork (VPN) gateways, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)routers, and the like. The storage resources in the cloud zone 401-402may include storage disks (e.g., solid state drives (SSDs), magnetichard disks, etc.) and other storage devices.

The example cloud computing environment shown in FIG. 4 also may includea virtualization layer (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 1-3) with additionalhardware and/or software resources configured to create and managevirtual machines and provide other services to customers using thephysical resources in the cloud. The virtualization layer may includehypervisors, as described above in FIG. 3, along with other componentsto provide network virtualizations, storage virtualizations, etc. Thevirtualization layer may be as a separate layer from the physicalresource layer, or may share some or all of the same hardware and/orsoftware resources with the physical resource layer. For example, thevirtualization layer may include a hypervisor installed in each of thevirtualization servers 403 with the physical computing resources. Knowncloud systems may alternatively be used, e.g., WINDOWS AZURE (MicrosoftCorporation of Redmond Wash.), AMAZON EC2 (Amazon.com Inc. of Seattle,Wash.), IBM BLUE CLOUD (IBM Corporation of Armonk, N.Y.), or others.

Enterprise Mobility Management Architecture

FIG. 5 represents an enterprise mobility technical architecture 500 foruse in a BYOD environment. The architecture enables a user of a mobiledevice 502 to both access enterprise or personal resources from a mobiledevice 502 and use the mobile device 502 for personal use. The user mayaccess such enterprise resources 504 or enterprise services 508 using amobile device 502 that is purchased by the user or a mobile device 502that is provided by the enterprise to the user. The user may utilize themobile device 502 for business use only or for business and personaluse. The mobile device may run an iOS operating system, Androidoperating system, and/or the like. The enterprise may choose toimplement management policies to manage the mobile device 504. Themanagement policies may be implanted through a firewall or gateway insuch a way that the mobile device may be identified, secured or securityverified, and provided selective or full access to the enterpriseresources. The management policies may be mobile device managementpolicies, mobile application management policies, mobile data managementpolicies, or some combination of mobile device, application, and datamanagement policies. A mobile device 504 that is managed through theapplication of mobile device management policies may be referred to asan enrolled device.

The operating system of the mobile device may be separated into amanaged partition 510 and an unmanaged partition 512. The managedpartition 510 may have management policies applied to it to secure theapplications running on and data stored in the managed partition. Theapplications running on the managed partition may be secureapplications. The secure applications may be email applications, webbrowsing applications, software-as-a-service (SaaS) access applications,Windows Application access applications, and the like. The secureapplications may be secure native applications 514, secure remoteapplications 522 executed by a secure application launcher 518,virtualization applications 526 executed by a secure applicationlauncher 518, and the like. The secure native applications 514 may bewrapped by a secure application wrapper 520. The secure applicationwrapper 520 may include integrated management policies that are executedon the mobile device 502 when the secure native application is executedon the device. The secure application wrapper 520 may include meta-datathat points the secure native application 514 running on the mobiledevice 502 to the resources hosted at the enterprise that the securenative application 514 may require to complete the task requested uponexecution of the secure native application 514. The secure remoteapplications 522 executed by a secure application launcher 518 may beexecuted within the secure application launcher application 518. Thevirtualization applications 526 executed by a secure applicationlauncher 518 may utilize resources on the mobile device 502, at theenterprise resources 504, and the like. The resources used on the mobiledevice 502 by the virtualization applications 526 executed by a secureapplication launcher 518 may include user interaction resources,processing resources, and the like. The user interaction resources maybe used to collect and transmit keyboard input, mouse input, camerainput, tactile input, audio input, visual input, gesture input, and thelike. The processing resources may be used to present a user interface,process data received from the enterprise resources 504, and the like.The resources used at the enterprise resources 504 by the virtualizationapplications 526 executed by a secure application launcher 518 mayinclude user interface generation resources, processing resources, andthe like. The user interface generation resources may be used toassemble a user interface, modify a user interface, refresh a userinterface, and the like. The processing resources may be used to createinformation, read information, update information, delete information,and the like. For example, the virtualization application may recorduser interactions associated with a GUI and communicate them to a serverapplication where the server application will use the user interactiondata as an input to the application operating on the server. In thisarrangement, an enterprise may elect to maintain the application on theserver side as well as data, files, etc. associated with theapplication. While an enterprise may elect to “mobilize” someapplications in accordance with the principles herein by securing themfor deployment on the mobile device, this arrangement may also beelected for certain applications. For example, while some applicationsmay be secured for use on the mobile device, others may not be preparedor appropriate for deployment on the mobile device so the enterprise mayelect to provide the mobile user access to the unprepared applicationsthrough virtualization techniques. As another example, the enterprisemay have large complex applications with large and complex data sets(e.g. material resource planning applications) where it would be verydifficult, or otherwise undesirable, to customize the application forthe mobile device so the enterprise may elect to provide access to theapplication through virtualization techniques. As yet another example,the enterprise may have an application that maintains highly secureddata (e.g. human resources data, customer data, engineering data) thatmay be deemed by the enterprise as too sensitive for even the securedmobile environment so the enterprise may elect to use virtualizationtechniques to permit mobile access to such applications and data. Anenterprise may elect to provide both fully secured and fully functionalapplications on the mobile device as well as a virtualizationapplication to allow access to applications that are deemed moreproperly operated on the server side. In an embodiment, thevirtualization application may store some data, files, etc. on themobile phone in one of the secure storage locations. An enterprise, forexample, may elect to allow certain information to be stored on thephone while not permitting other information.

In connection with the virtualization application, as described herein,the mobile device may have a virtualization application that is designedto present GUI's and then record user interactions with the GUI. Theapplication may communicate the user interactions to the server side tobe used by the server side application as user interactions with theapplication. In response, the application on the server side maytransmit back to the mobile device a new GUI. For example, the new GUImay be a static page, a dynamic page, an animation, or the like.

The applications running on the managed partition may be stabilizedapplications. The stabilized applications may be managed by a devicemanager 524. The device manager 524 may monitor the stabilizedapplications and utilize techniques for detecting and remedying problemsthat would result in a destabilized application if such techniques werenot utilized to detect and remedy the problems.

The secure applications may access data stored in a secure datacontainer 528 in the managed partition 510 of the mobile device. Thedata secured in the secure data container may be accessed by the securewrapped applications 514, applications executed by a secure applicationlauncher 518, virtualization applications 526 executed by a secureapplication launcher 518, and the like. The data stored in the securedata container 528 may include files, databases, and the like. The datastored in the secure data container 528 may include data restricted to aspecific secure application 530, shared among secure applications 532,and the like. Data restricted to a secure application may include securegeneral data 534 and highly secure data 538. Secure general data may usea strong form of encryption such as AES 128-bit encryption or the like,while highly secure data 538 may use a very strong form of encryptionsuch as AES 254-bit encryption. Data stored in the secure data container528 may be deleted from the device upon receipt of a command from thedevice manager 524. The secure applications may have a dual-mode option540. The dual mode option 540 may present the user with an option tooperate the secured application in an unsecured mode. In an unsecuredmode, the secure applications may access data stored in an unsecureddata container 542 on the unmanaged partition 512 of the mobile device502. The data stored in an unsecured data container may be personal data544. The data stored in an unsecured data container 542 may also beaccessed by unsecured applications 548 that are running on the unmanagedpartition 512 of the mobile device 502. The data stored in an unsecureddata container 542 may remain on the mobile device 502 when the datastored in the secure data container 528 is deleted from the mobiledevice 502. An enterprise may want to delete from the mobile deviceselected or all data, files, and/or applications owned, licensed orcontrolled by the enterprise (enterprise data) while leaving orotherwise preserving personal data, files, and/or applications owned,licensed or controlled by the user (personal data). This operation maybe referred to as a selective wipe. With the enterprise and personaldata arranged in accordance to the aspects described herein, anenterprise may perform a selective wipe.

The mobile device may connect to enterprise resources 504 and enterpriseservices 508 at an enterprise, to the public Internet 548, and the like.The mobile device may connect to enterprise resources 504 and enterpriseservices 508 through virtual private network connections. The virtualprivate network connections may be specific to particular applications550, particular devices, particular secured areas on the mobile device,and the like (e.g., 552). For example, each of the wrapped applicationsin the secured area of the phone may access enterprise resources throughan application specific VPN such that access to the VPN would be grantedbased on attributes associated with the application, possibly inconjunction with user or device attribute information. The virtualprivate network connections may carry Microsoft Exchange traffic,Microsoft Active Directory traffic, HTTP traffic, HTTPS traffic,application management traffic, and the like. The virtual privatenetwork connections may support and enable single-sign-on authenticationprocesses 554. The single-sign-on processes may allow a user to providea single set of authentication credentials, which are then verified byan authentication service 558. The authentication service 558 may thengrant to the user access to multiple enterprise resources 504, withoutrequiring the user to provide authentication credentials to eachindividual enterprise resource 504.

The virtual private network connections may be established and managedby an access gateway 560. The access gateway 560 may include performanceenhancement features that manage, accelerate, and improve the deliveryof enterprise resources 504 to the mobile device 502. The access gatewaymay also re-route traffic from the mobile device 502 to the publicInternet 548, enabling the mobile device 502 to access publiclyavailable and unsecured applications that run on the public Internet548. The mobile device may connect to the access gateway via a transportnetwork 562. The transport network 562 may be a wired network, wirelessnetwork, cloud network, local area network, metropolitan area network,wide area network, public network, private network, and the like.

The enterprise resources 504 may include email servers, file sharingservers, SaaS applications, Web application servers, Windows applicationservers, and the like. Email servers may include Exchange servers, LotusNotes servers, and the like. File sharing servers may include cloudstorage resource servers, and the like. SaaS applications may includeSalesforce, and the like. Windows application servers may include anyapplication server that is built to provide applications that areintended to run on a local Windows operating system, and the like. Theenterprise resources 504 may be premise-based resources, cloud basedresources, and the like. The enterprise resources 504 may be accessed bythe mobile device 502 directly or through the access gateway 560. Theenterprise resources 504 may be accessed by the mobile device 502 via atransport network 562. The transport network 562 may be a wired network,wireless network, cloud network, local area network, metropolitan areanetwork, wide area network, public network, private network, and thelike.

The enterprise services 508 may include authentication services 558,threat detection services 564, device manager services 524, file sharingservices 568, policy manager services 570, social integration services572, application controller services 574, and the like. Authenticationservices 558 may include user authentication services, deviceauthentication services, application authentication services, dataauthentication services and the like. Authentication services 558 mayuse certificates. The certificates may be stored on the mobile device502, by the enterprise resources 504, and the like. The certificatesstored on the mobile device 502 may be stored in an encrypted locationon the mobile device, the certificate may be temporarily stored on themobile device 502 for use at the time of authentication, and the like.Threat detection services 564 may include intrusion detection services,unauthorized access attempt detection services, and the like.Unauthorized access attempt detection services may include unauthorizedattempts to access devices, applications, data, and the like. Devicemanagement services 524 may include configuration, provisioning,security, support, monitoring, reporting, and decommissioning services.File sharing services 568 may include file management services, filestorage services, file collaboration services, and the like. Policymanager services 570 may include device policy manager services,application policy manager services, data policy manager services, andthe like. Social integration services 572 may include contactintegration services, collaboration services, integration with socialnetworks such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and the like.Application controller services 574 may include management services,provisioning services, deployment services, assignment services,revocation services, wrapping services, and the like.

The enterprise mobility technical architecture 500 may include anapplication store 578. The application store 578 may include unwrappedapplications 580, pre-wrapped applications 582, and the like.Applications may be populated in the application store 578 from theapplication controller 574. The application store 578 may be accessed bythe mobile device 502 through the access gateway 560, through the publicInternet 548, or the like. The application store may be provided with anintuitive and easy to use user interface. The application store 578 mayprovide access to a software development kit 584. The softwaredevelopment kit 584 may provide a user the capability to secureapplications selected by the user by wrapping the application asdescribed previously in this description. An application that has beenwrapped using the software development kit 584 may then be madeavailable to the mobile device 502 by populating it in the applicationstore 578 using the application controller 574.

The enterprise mobility technical architecture 500 may include amanagement and analytics capability. The management and analyticscapability may provide information related to how resources are used,how often resources are used, and the like. Resources may includedevices, applications, data, and the like. How resources are used mayinclude which devices download which applications, which applicationsaccess which data, and the like. How often resources are used mayinclude how often an application has been downloaded, how many times aspecific set of data has been accessed by an application, and the like.

FIG. 6 is another illustrative enterprise mobility management system600. Some of the components of the mobility management system 500described above with reference to FIG. 5 have been omitted for the sakeof simplicity. The architecture of the system 600 depicted in FIG. 6 issimilar in many respects to the architecture of the system 500 describedabove with reference to FIG. 5 and may include additional features notmentioned above.

In this case, the left hand side represents an enrolled mobile device602 with a client agent 604, which interacts with gateway server 606(which includes access gateway and application controller functionality)to access various enterprise resources 608 and services 609 such asExchange, Sharepoint, PKI Resources, Kerberos Resources, and CertificateIssuance Service, as shown on the right hand side above. Although notspecifically shown, the mobile device 602 may also interact with anenterprise application store (e.g., StoreFront) for the selection anddownloading of applications.

The client agent 604 acts as the UI (user interface) intermediary forWindows apps/desktops hosted in an Enterprise data center, which areaccessed using the HDX®/ICA® display remoting protocol. The client agent604 also supports the installation and management of native applicationson the mobile device 602, such as native iOS or Android applications.For example, the managed applications 610 (mail, browser, wrappedapplication) shown in the figure above are all native applications thatexecute locally on the device. Client agent 604 and applicationmanagement framework of this architecture act to provide policy-drivenmanagement capabilities and features such as connectivity and SSO(single sign on) to enterprise resources/services 608. The client agent604 handles primary user authentication to the enterprise, normally tothe access gateway (AG) with SSO to other gateway server components. Theclient agent 604 obtains management policies from gateway server 606 tocontrol the behavior of the managed applications 610 on the mobiledevice 602.

The secure IPC links 612 between the native applications 610 and clientagent 604 represent a management channel, which allows client agent tosupply management policies to be enforced by the application managementframework 614 “wrapping” each application. The IPC channel 612 alsoallows client agent 604 to supply credential and authenticationinformation that enables connectivity and SSO to enterprise resources608. Finally the IPC channel 612 allows the application managementframework 614 to invoke user interface functions implemented by clientagent 604, such as online and offline authentication.

Communications between the client agent 604 and gateway server 606 areessentially an extension of the management channel from the applicationmanagement framework 614 wrapping each native managed application 610.The application management framework 614 requests policy informationfrom client agent 604, which in turn requests it from gateway server606. The application management framework 614 requests authentication,and client agent 604 logs into the gateway services part of gatewayserver 606 (also known as NetScaler® Access Gateway). Client agent 604may also call supporting services on gateway server 606, which mayproduce input material to derive encryption keys for the local datavaults 616, or provide client certificates which may enable directauthentication to PKI protected resources, as more fully explainedbelow.

In more detail, the application management framework 614 “wraps” eachmanaged application 610. This may be incorporated via an explicit buildstep, or via a post-build processing step. The application managementframework 614 may “pair” with client agent 604 on first launch of anapplication 610 to initialize the secure IPC channel and obtain themanagement policy for that application. The application managementframework 614 may enforce relevant portions of the management policythat apply locally, such as the client agent login dependencies and someof the containment policies that restrict how local OS services may beused, or how they may interact with the application 610.

The application management framework 614 may use services provided byclient agent 604 over the secure IPC channel 612 to facilitateauthentication and internal network access. Key management for theprivate and shared data vaults 616 (containers) may be also managed byappropriate interactions between the managed applications 610 and clientagent 604. Vaults 616 may be available only after online authentication,or may be made available after offline authentication if allowed by themanagement policy. First use of vaults 616 may require onlineauthentication, and offline access may be limited to at most themanagement policy refresh period before online authentication is againrequired.

Network access to internal resources may occur directly from individualmanaged applications 610 through access gateway 606. The applicationmanagement framework 614 is responsible for orchestrating the networkaccess on behalf of each application 610. Client agent 604 mayfacilitate these network connections by providing suitable time limitedsecondary credentials obtained following online authentication. Multiplemodes of network connection may be used, such as reverse web proxyconnections and end-to-end VPN-style tunnels 618.

The mail and browser managed applications 610 have special status andmay make use of facilities that might not be generally available toarbitrary wrapped applications. For example, the mail application mayuse a special background network access mechanism that allows it toaccess Exchange over an extended period of time without requiring a fullAD logon. The browser application may use multiple private data vaultsto segregate different kinds of data.

This architecture supports the incorporation of various other securityfeatures. For example, gateway server 606 (including its gatewayservices) in some cases will not need to validate AD passwords. It canbe left to the discretion of an enterprise whether an AD password isused as an authentication factor for some users in some situations.Different authentication methods may be used if a user is online oroffline (i.e., connected or not connected to a network).

Step up authentication is a feature wherein gateway server 606 mayidentify managed native applications 610 that are allowed to have accessto highly classified data requiring strong authentication, and ensurethat access to these applications is only permitted after performingappropriate authentication, even if this means a re-authentication isrequired by the user after a prior weaker level of login.

Another security feature of this solution is the encryption of the datavaults 616 (containers) on the mobile device 602. The vaults 616 may beencrypted so that all on-device data including files, databases, andconfigurations are protected. For on-line vaults, the keys may be storedon the server (gateway server 606), and for off-line vaults, a localcopy of the keys may be protected by a user password. When data isstored locally on the device 602 in the secure container 616, it ispreferred that a minimum of AES 256 encryption algorithm be utilized.

Other secure container features may also be implemented. For example, alogging feature may be included, wherein all security events happeninginside an application 610 are logged and reported to the backend. Datawiping may be supported, such as if the application 610 detectstampering, associated encryption keys may be written over with randomdata, leaving no hint on the file system that user data was destroyed.Screenshot protection is another feature, where an application mayprevent any data from being stored in screenshots. For example, the keywindow's hidden property may be set to YES. This may cause whatevercontent is currently displayed on the screen to be hidden, resulting ina blank screenshot where any content would normally reside.

Local data transfer may be prevented, such as by preventing any datafrom being locally transferred outside the application container, e.g.,by copying it or sending it to an external application. A keyboard cachefeature may operate to disable the autocorrect functionality forsensitive text fields. SSL certificate validation may be operable so theapplication specifically validates the server SSL certificate instead ofit being stored in the keychain. An encryption key generation featuremay be used such that the key used to encrypt data on the device isgenerated using a passphrase supplied by the user (if offline access isrequired). It may be XORed with another key randomly generated andstored on the server side if offline access is not required. Keyderivation functions may operate such that keys generated from the userpassword use KDFs (key derivation functions, notably PBKDF2) rather thancreating a cryptographic hash of it. The latter makes a key susceptibleto brute force or dictionary attacks.

Further, one or more initialization vectors may be used in encryptionmethods. An initialization vector will cause multiple copies of the sameencrypted data to yield different cipher text output, preventing bothreplay and cryptanalytic attacks. This will also prevent an attackerfrom decrypting any data even with a stolen encryption key if thespecific initialization vector used to encrypt the data is not known.Further, authentication then decryption may be used, wherein applicationdata is decrypted only after the user has authenticated within theapplication. Another feature may relate to sensitive data in memory,which may be kept in memory (and not in disk) only when it's needed. Forexample, login credentials may be wiped from memory after login, andencryption keys and other data inside objective-C instance variables arenot stored, as they may be easily referenced. Instead, memory may bemanually allocated for these.

An inactivity timeout may be implemented, wherein after a policy-definedperiod of inactivity, a user session is terminated.

Data leakage from the application management framework 614 may beprevented in other ways. For example, when an application 610 is put inthe background, the memory may be cleared after a predetermined(configurable) time period. When backgrounded, a snapshot may be takenof the last displayed screen of the application to fasten theforegrounding process. The screenshot may contain confidential data andhence should be cleared.

Another security feature relates to the use of an OTP (one timepassword) 620 without the use of an AD (active directory) 622 passwordfor access to one or more applications. In some cases, some users do notknow (or are not permitted to know) their AD password, so these usersmay authenticate using an OTP 620 such as by using a hardware OTP systemlike SecurID (OTPs may be provided by different vendors also, such asEntrust or Gemalto). In some cases, after a user authenticates with auser ID, a text is sent to the user with an OTP 620. In some cases, thismay be implemented only for online use, with a prompt being a singlefield.

An offline password may be implemented for offline authentication forthose applications 610 for which offline use is permitted via anenterprise management policy. For example, an enterprise may want theenterprise application store to be accessed in this manner. In thiscase, the client agent 604 may require the user to set a custom offlinepassword and the AD password is not used. Gateway server 606 may providemanagement policies to control and enforce password standards withrespect to the minimum length, character class composition, and age ofpasswords, such as described by the standard Windows Server passwordcomplexity requirements, although these requirements may be modified.

Another feature relates to the enablement of a client side certificatefor certain applications 610 as secondary credentials (for the purposeof accessing PKI protected web resources via the application managementframework micro VPN feature). For example, an application such as anemail application may utilize such a certificate. In this case,certificate-based authentication using ActiveSync protocol may besupported, wherein a certificate from the client agent 604 may beretrieved by gateway server 606 and used in a keychain. Each managedapplication may have one associated client certificate, identified by alabel that is defined in gateway server 606.

Gateway server 606 may interact with an enterprise special purpose webservice to support the issuance of client certificates to allow relevantmanaged applications to authenticate to internal PKI protectedresources.

The client agent 604 and the application management framework 614 may beenhanced to support obtaining and using client certificates forauthentication to internal PKI protected network resources. More thanone certificate may be supported, such as to match various levels ofsecurity and/or separation requirements. The certificates may be used bythe mail and browser managed applications, and ultimately by arbitrarywrapped applications (provided those applications use web service stylecommunication patterns where it is reasonable for the applicationmanagement framework to mediate HTTPS requests).

Application management framework client certificate support on iOS mayrely on importing a PKCS 12 BLOB (Binary Large Object) into the iOSkeychain in each managed application for each period of use. applicationmanagement framework client certificate support may use a HTTPSimplementation with private in-memory key storage. The clientcertificate will never be present in the iOS keychain and will not bepersisted except potentially in “online-only” data value that isstrongly protected.

Mutual SSL may also be implemented to provide additional security byrequiring that a mobile device 602 is authenticated to the enterprise,and vice versa. Virtual smart cards for authentication to gateway server606 may also be implemented.

Both limited and full Kerberos support may be additional features. Thefull support feature relates to an ability to do full Kerberos login toAD 622, using an AD password or trusted client certificate, and obtainKerberos service tickets to respond to HTTP negotiate authenticationchallenges. The limited support feature relates to constraineddelegation in AFEE, where AFEE supports invoking Kerberos protocoltransition so it can obtain and use Kerberos service tickets (subject toconstrained delegation) in response to HTTP negotiate authenticationchallenges. This mechanism works in reverse web proxy (a.k.a. CVPN)mode, and when HTTP (but not HTTPS) connections are proxied in VPN andMicroVPN mode.

Another feature relates to application container locking and wiping,which may automatically occur upon jail-break or rooting detections, andoccur as a pushed command from administration console, and may include aremote wipe functionality even when an application 610 is not running.

A multi-site architecture or configuration of the enterprise applicationstore and application controller may be supported that allows users tobe service from one of several different locations in case of failure.

In some cases, managed applications 610 may be allowed to access acertificate and private key via an API (example OpenSSL). Trustedmanaged applications 610 of an enterprise may be allowed to performspecific Public Key operations with an application's client certificateand private key. Various use cases may be identified and treatedaccordingly, such as when an application behaves like a browser and nocertificate access is required, when an application reads a certificatefor “who am I,” when an application uses the certificate to build asecure session token, and when an application uses private keys fordigital signing of important data (e.g. transaction log) or fortemporary data encryption.

Orchestration Framework for Connected Devices

Aspects described herein allow a collection of devices owned byindividuals or groups to be used in a coordinated, collective way,beyond simple screen sharing. This collective coordination of devicescan be done on either a memorized (for your own personal devices), or anad hoc basis (such as when two people use their devices collectively).

For example, consider the GoToMeeting® software application by CitrixSystems, Inc. It exists on laptops, smart phones and tablets. However,each platform does essentially the same thing and the devices do notwork in harmony when used by the same user. According to one aspect, asmart phone may take on the role of microphone for a meeting; a tabletmay take on the role of displaying video for the meeting, and a laptopmay display a screen sharing element of the meeting.

Other examples of cross device coordination include: assigning web linksthat get clicked on by a laptop to appear on a tablet device, andtransferring an already opened PowerPoint presentation from one deviceto another.

In addition to the ability to assign specific roles to devices whileinteracting with devices, aspects allow for the persistent assignment ofdevice roles, to allow efficient usage of multiple devices, withoutextra interaction on the part of the user. For example, in theGoToMeeting® context, this may involve making the smartphone themicrophone, the tablet display video, and the laptop display screensharing immediately when a meeting starts.

In order to address the above problems, and other problems that willbecome apparent to the reader, aspects described herein harness andorchestrate devices together to allow complex multi device behaviorsthat make the internet of things come alive to make a big impact onpeople's daily lives. One problem solved by aspects described herein isto allow user level customization of behaviors that result when manydifferent devices interact with each other. One problem today is thatwhile many devices can interact with each other, the way they interactwith each other is hard wired, and not configurable by the users of thesystem. The range of behaviors is limited, and often limited to devicesfrom similar vendors, who have already established how devices willinteract with each other, based on specific, closed use cases.

Using aspects described herein, a user can configure flexibleinteractions between different devices to allow orchestration ofdifferent devices to work together in harmony. This allows devices whichare typically unrelated to work together to trigger different behaviors.For example, if a user has a smartphone, a laptop and a tablet, aspectsdescribed herein provide the following illustrative use-case solution:

-   -   a. If the user is driving in a car and a meeting starts, then        they do not want to have to enter meeting join information—they        just want the meeting to call them on the telephone using the        PSTN, which allows simple integration with the in car steering        wheel phone controls.    -   b. However, if the user is in the office, then they want to use        the device they are currently interacting with.

Aspects described herein give the user the choice to customize theseactions according to their preferences, utilizing triggers that areprovided by devices. Users can customize these actions either byexplicitly specifying them, or they can rely on the system observinguser behavior and following their preferences.

One known solution to the above recited problems is to manually carryout the orchestration steps between devices to achieve some of thefeatures the software described herein provides, such as manuallyconnecting to a meeting by dialing the PSTN bridge information while inthe car, despite the dangers of doing so.

Other features of the software described herein, such as triggers thatinvoke when a user is not physically present, cannot be achieved at themoment, and the user lives without such features. Limited known previousattempts at this problem involve solutions such as web mashups,including technologies like OnX and IFTTT. However, these technologiesare focused on bringing together different web sites and some featuresof mobile devices. They are not broader technologies that cover thewider range of devices that are part of “the internet of things”. Stillother known technologies include standards such as X10, DMX and ZWave.However, these are home automation technologies focused on devices andsensors such as light, motion sensors, and motorized control of items inthe home.

FIG. 7 shows multi-device use according to illustrative aspectsdescribed herein. The system of FIG. 7 outlines the way that items arespread across devices, as well as ways that users may trigger crossdevice interactions. As shown by way of example in FIG. 7, a user mayselect content at one computing device to share with another computingdevice. The user may select the content to share and then select one ofthe other computing devices connected via the orchestration framework.Upon selection of the selected computing device (the destinationcomputing device), the selected content may be transferred to theselected computing device. As seen in FIG. 7, various approaches may beselectively employed to present or display a set of computing devicesavailable for selection as the device to receive the selected content.In one approach, the computing devices available for selection may“peek” in from the edges of the interface as selectable targets of adrag-and-drop action. In another approach the computing devicesavailable for selection may be presented as a set of selectable icons.In a further approach, the computing devices available for selection maybe presented as selectable entries in a list of computing devices.Similar approaches may be employed in order to request that a computingdevice perform at least a portion of a computing activity initiated atanother computing device. Moreover, the set of computing devicespresented as available for selection may be dynamically generated orconfigured based on, e.g., the computing devices associated with thecomputing device, the computing devices associated with a user of thecomputing device, the computing devices co-located with the computingdevice, operation modes of the computing device, operation modes ofapplications at the computing devices, whether the computing devices arecapable of presenting the content or performing the computing activity,based on whether the computing devices are permitted to present thecontent or perform the computing activity, and additional or alternativecriteria that will be appreciated with the benefit of this disclosure.

One known solution to the multi-device problem is to manually dedicatespecific devices to specific roles, through manual manipulation ofsoftware on devices. For example, in the GoToMeeting® context, this canmean making the laptop screen minimize the video part of the meeting, toallow screen sharing to take up the screen, and mirroring this to theroom display. It also means manually muting all speakers other than thatof the smartphone, which is acting as the microphone. It also meansmaking the tablet maximize the video display of GoToMeeting®. Once afterthis is done, a single user appears to be connected multiple times inthe list of users in a meeting, which provides a sub optimal userexperience. For other situations, such as launching an application fromone device onto another, there are no existing solutions in place. Thus,existing solutions, to the extent they exist, are laborious, manuallydriven and error prone.

FIG. 8 shows a system architecture according to one or more illustrativeaspects described herein. The system in FIG. 8 shows a cloud serviceresponsible for the server side facilities, and multi-device (MD)software running on client devices responsible for cross deviceinteraction. The MD software on each different kind of client device maybe adapted based on the capabilities of that client device. The systemof FIG. 8 may include the following: 1) a cloud service, which providesserver and the back end services (this can be implemented, e.g., usingASP.NET MVC running in Windows Azure); and 2) different client devices,each representing a different form factor of device. A laptop,smartphone, tablet and large room display are shown in the diagram, butother devices may also be used.

The cloud server components of the system may include:

-   -   a. Cloud file interface. This is responsible for communicating        with the underlying cloud storage resource. Cloud storage        resources may include, e.g., ShareFile®, DropBox, GoogleDocs,        Box, etc.    -   b. Cloud file service. In this example, this is a cloud storage        resource, which acts as an external data provider in the context        of this disclosure.    -   c. Device Service. This is responsible for maintaining knowledge        of all the devices that a user has, and the capabilities of each        device, such as what kind of device it is, what applications it        is capable of running, and what kind of peripherals (such as        cameras), that it has available.    -   d. Device Database. This database maintains the information used        by the Device Service.    -   e. User Service. This is responsible for maintaining knowledge        of all the users available in the system. It is also used for        identity management.    -   f. User Database. This is the database maintaining the        information used by the User Service.    -   g. Device Management Interface. This is an interface that allows        users of the system to define what specific roles or actions        occur on what specific devices. It allows the user to customize        how their devices behave for specific situations, such as        GoToMeeting® or what device will display web content. It defers        the work of actually sequencing what goes to what device to the        Orchestration Service.    -   h. Push Notification Service. This is responsible for leveraging        push notification frameworks that are used by iOS, Android,        Windows, and other services to notify devices that they need to        take action.    -   i. Orchestration Service. This is responsible for coordinating        the different actions related to making devices display certain        content. It is a central point within the system and issues        instructions to all the other components

Client components of the system may be the same, regardless of the kindof device. However, implementation details may vary according to theunderlying platform. Client components may include:

-   -   a. Cloud file Interface. This is responsible for communicating        with the cloud storage resource (e.g., ShareFile®, DropBox,        GoogleDocs, Box).    -   b. Application Resolver. This is responsible for determining how        to act upon a request to engage in a cross device request. For        example, if the user wants to make use of a tablet as a        GoToMeeting® video renderer, then the resolver determines that        the request involves launching GoToMeeting® in video output mode        only.    -   c. Notification Interface. Handles notifications that are        received from the server to engage in cross device behavior.    -   d. Application Launcher. Launches an appropriate application on        the device, after any data that needs to be brought to a device        is on the device.    -   e. Presence Subsystem. Ensures that the cloud service is aware        that a device is online and available. It may also transfer        location information or NFC related information, which may be        used by the server to determine if devices are co-located.    -   f. Orchestration Agent. This is responsible for orchestrating        work items related to a cross device activity so that a user can        accomplish their goals with minimal intervention. For example,        if a power point presentation is being transferred to this        device from another device, the orchestration agent ensures that        the presentation is available on the device, and downloads it to        the device if needed. The orchestration agent then makes use of        the application resolver to determine the appropriate way to        launch the application, and then using the application launcher        to launch the application.

As an illustrative example of how these components work together toaddress the above problems, the following describes the flow ofexecution during a use-case scenario where a user wants to launch amulti device GoToMeeting® (or similar service), and then display weblinks on another device to that which the link was clicked upon.

Initially, prior to the meeting, the user has MD software client runningon his/her laptop. The presence subsystem of the client on the laptopcommunicates to the device service of the cloud service, to indicatethat the device is available. The presence subsystem of the client onthe user's smart phone and tablet indicate that the devices areavailable. At the time of the meeting, the Orchestration Service decidesthat it is time to start a meeting. The Orchestration Service consultswith the Device Service to determine what devices are available for theuser. The Device Service makes use of the Device Database to determinewhat devices a user has and what their status is. The OrchestrationService uses the Push Notification Service to send messages to theactive devices that the user has registered with the MD software. TheNotification Interface on the clients receive the notification that ameeting is to be launched and passes this onto the Orchestration Agent,which ensures that the user is asked if they want to join the meeting.The Orchestration Agent uses the Application Resolver to determine whatapplication and what parameters are needed to launch the meeting withthe given role. This information may be different for each device. Forexample, the laptop may be given information indicating that just screensharing is to be used, whereas the tablet may be given informationindicating that just the video is to be used. The Orchestration Agentuses the Application Launcher to start GoToMeeting® with the appropriateinformation. This sequence may occur for each of the user's activedevices.

At the end of the meeting, the user then decides to make use of his/hertablet to display web content for links that are clicked on the laptop.The user clicks on a link in a web browser. The web link used isintercepted by the MD software. The MD software sends the link to theOrchestration Service at the cloud service. The Orchestration Serviceuses the Device Service to determine if the tablet is available. TheOrchestration Service sends a request to the Push Notification Serviceto send a push notification to the tablet device. The NotificationInterface on the client receives the request from the cloud service andpasses it onto the Orchestration Agent. The Orchestration Agent uses theApplication Resolver to determine which application and what parametersare needed to launch the particular web link. In this example, theinformation passed back is that the internal web browser needs to beused, and the information to pass to the browser. The OrchestrationAgent uses the Application Launcher to launch the web browser with theinformation passed from the other machine.

Using aspects described herein, the MD software overcomes thedifficulties involved in effectively using multiple devices together ina complementary fashion. Without the MD software, multiple devices arenot able to work together in harmony, in a complementary fashion. Eachdevice can display applications and content, but there is no coherenceor ability to orchestrate across multiple devices.

Using the MD software, for example, provides a user/enterprise theability to associate a person's devices with their identity in acollaboration system. Collaboration systems such as GoToMeeting® do notcurrently have any particular association for a user's devices, andconsequently cannot take advantage of pre-assigned roles for differentdevices. The MD software also provides for associating devices with aspace or group of people. Examples include conference room devices suchas smart displays and speakerphones being associated with a space. Theseassets can then be shared by a group occupying that space (temporaryassignment) or be permanently assigned to a logical group of people. TheMD software also provides for the ability to move/assign interactionsacross devices in the form of applications (native, virtual, web, etc.)with associated content and preferences in such a way that it isseamless to spread work across devices. The MD software also providesthe ability to scaffold context/state across devices to afford betteruser experiences. For example, upon launch of a collaboration, theautomatic launch of a meeting onto all a user's devices, with eachdevice launching into its specific role. The MD software may alsoprovide the context of a device.

Using the MD software, for example, provides a user/enterprise theability to associate a person's devices with their identity in acollaboration system. Collaboration systems such as GoToMeeting® do notcurrently have any particular association for a user's devices, andconsequently cannot take advantage of pre-assigned roles for differentdevices. The MD software also provides for associating devices with aspace or group of people. Examples include conference room devices suchas smart displays and speakerphones being associated with a space. Theseassets can then be shared by a group occupying that space (temporaryassignment) or be permanently assigned to a logical group of people. TheMD software also provides for the ability to move/assign interactionsacross devices in the form of applications (native, virtual, web, etc.)with associated content and preferences in such a way that it isseamless to spread work across devices. The MD software also providesthe ability to scaffold context/state across devices to afford betteruser experiences. For example, upon launch of a collaboration, theautomatic launch of a meeting onto all a user's devices, with eachdevice launching into its specific role. The MD software may alsoprovide the context of a device (such as location of the phone) to beused as information for another device (such as a tablet). The MDSoftware also provides the ability to use device assignment/movement toafford device specific roles in a collaboration system. Examples includea smartphone acting as a speakerphone, a tablet acting as an avatar, orany device acting as a camera. The MD software also provides targetedpaste, e.g., allowing an application to be a paste target on one of thedevices, subsequent copies on any of the associated devices get pastedautomatically into the paste target. This cuts the typical copy andpaste operation overhead in half. The MD software provides methods andsystems to make a natural user interaction (voice, touch, gesture,keyboard, etc.) action on one device that allows all devices to respond.An example is to bring the focus of an app (such as email) to the fronton any of the devices.

Use the aspects described herein to simplify the use of multiple devicesby reducing manual configuration and coordination. Other aspects providethe ability to share world knowledge/state between devices to enhancethe user experience. This reduces redundant entry of information. Someaspects provide the ability to quickly spread activities across devicesby reducing the friction caused by applications, data, and context beinglocked into devices. Other aspects reduce copy/paste efforts in half.Some aspects provide cross device Natural User Interaction (NUI) thatallows less capable devices to participate in natural interaction. Otheraspects provide the ability to quickly bring an app to the front on anydevice, no matter what devices the app was on previously. This allowsfaster movement between applications, e.g., “show email on my tablet”.

According to another aspect, additional applications may benefit fromuse of MD software, e.g., client agent software in virtualizationenvironments. The MD software may enable migrating client agentapplications from one device to another device. This may be performedusing push driven Smooth Roaming, which is a feature provided bysoftware such as XenDesktop® from Citrix®. Other aspects of MD softwaremay provide for the ability to share the state of web browser sessionsacross devices. Still other aspects of MD software may provide ad hocdevice discovery using technologies such as NFC and using theOrchestration Service and Orchestration Agent to assign roles for thedevices. Other examples Bluetooth, wifi direct or even something assimple as playing a human inaudible tone and devices that pick it up canreport back and thus must be co-located.

FIG. 9A illustrates a system architecture according to one or moreillustrative aspects. FIG. 9A outlines a general structure that may beused. It shows a cloud service responsible for server side facilitiesand new, dynamic software running on client devices.

The system architecture may include at least three discretesubsystems: 1) a cloud service, which provides the back end services(This may be implemented using ASP.NET MVC running in Windows Azure, asone example); 2) client devices, which run the software the userinteracts with for collaboration, deferred work, applications and othersoftware. This software can be running on platforms such as Windows,iOS, Android, Mac or a Smart TV, among others; and 3) internet enabledsensors, such as motion sensors, light sensors, temperature sensors.

Cloud service components of the system include:

-   -   a. Device Service. maintains knowledge of all the devices that a        user has, and the capabilities of each device, such as what kind        of device it is, what applications it is capable of running, and        what kind of peripherals (such as cameras), that it has        available.    -   b. Device Database. maintains the information used by the Device        Service.    -   c. User Service. maintains knowledge of all the users available        in the system. It is needed for identity management.    -   d. User Database. maintains all the information used by the User        Service.    -   e. PSTN Interface. interface that proactively contacts users via        the public switched telephone network (PSTN).    -   f. Push Notification Service. leverages push notification        frameworks that are used by iOS, Android and Windows (among        others) to notify devices that they need to take action.    -   g. Orchestration Service. coordinates different actions based on        different events, or triggers that happen. The Orchestration        Service may include the following components:        -   1. Trigger Handler. receives input from different external            sources, such as sensors and clients about when specific            events occur that can act as a trigger for different actions            to occur.        -   2. Rules Service. determines what actions to carry out when            a particular event, or trigger, occurs. The Rules Service is            the core of the system that determines what to do when            something occurs.        -   3. Action Generator. translates the sequence of actions that            need to occur based on what the resultant actions generated            from the Rules Service are for a given trigger.    -   h. Rules Database. Maintains information used by the        Orchestration Service and Rules Service which determines how the        software behaves based on different triggers.    -   i. Orchestration Interface. Provides an interface for users of        the system to customize the behavior of the system for different        devices, events and triggers. It is through this interface that        the users customize the system.

The client components of the system may be the same, regardless of thekind of device. However, the implementation details may vary accordingto the underlying platform. Client components may include:

-   -   a. Application Resolver. This is responsible for determining how        to act upon a request that involves launching an application.        For example, if the user wants to launch Google maps on their        tablet when they enter a car, the Application Resolver        determines how to launch Google Maps—be it a web application,        native application, or client agent published application.    -   b. Notification Interface. Handles notifications that are        received from the server based on information from the server        side.    -   c. Application Launcher. Launches an appropriate application on        the device.    -   d. Presence Subsystem. Ensures that the cloud service is aware        that a device is online and available.    -   e. Orchestration Agent. Orchestrates the work items related to        making deferred and distributed work possible. This includes        tasks such as starting meetings in response to events from the        server, triggering authentication and general coordination of        the client. The Orchestration Agent may include the following        components:        -   1. Trigger Handler. Receives input from different external            sources, such as sensors and clients about when specific            events occur that can act as a trigger for different actions            to occur.        -   2. Rules Engine. Determines what actions to carry out when a            particular event, or trigger, occurs. The Rules Service is            the core of the system that determines what to do when            something occurs.        -   3. Action Generator. Translates the sequence of actions that            need to occur based on what the resultant actions generated            from the Rules Engine are for a given trigger.

To illustrate how these components work together to address the problemsthe software addresses, the following example use-case scenario showshow a user would set rules to ensure that if they are driving in a carwhen a meeting starts, that the system should call the user on the PSTNto let them join the meeting.

Initially, the user points their web browser to the OrchestrationInterface. The user enters a rule with the following definition:

-   -   a. A trigger set to “If a meeting starts”.    -   b. Contextual conditions set to “The motion sensor or GPS in my        smart phone indicates that I am moving at a speed greater than 5        km/h”.    -   c. An action set to “Call a specified telephone number and patch        me into the meeting automatically.”

The rule entered into the Orchestration Interface is sent to the RulesService, which writes the information to the Rules Database. At thispoint, the rules are all set up on the server. The Rules Serviceinstructs the Device Service to send each device a message with the newrules. The Presence Subsystem on the client device communicates with theDevice Service to indicate that the device is present. The clientreceives a response back indicating that it needs to update its rules.The Rules Engine on the client requests the latest set of rules thatapply to the device from the Rules Service. The Rules Service providesthe information back to the client, which stores the information in itsinternal Rules Engine configuration. Now that the client knows about therules specified by the user, it can send information about the state ofthis rule to the server. So, in this case:

-   -   a. The Trigger Generator on the client receives a message each        time the Presence Subsystem intends to notify the server about        its status.    -   b. The Rules Engine on the client determines that information        about the device's motion/speed needs to be sent back to the        server.    -   c. The Rules Engine uses the Action Handler on the client to        append information to the data sent back to the server by the        Presence Subsystem.

The Device Service on the server side receives the message about thedevice's presence, and the rule information from the client, which itpasses on to the Trigger Handler, which passes it onto the RulesService. The Rules Service updates its information about the state ofthe device, relative to the rule relating to meeting starting and motionsensor speed. When a meeting is due to start, the Trigger Handlerreceives a message from an external service monitoring the user'scalendar. The Trigger Handler passes the message about the start of themeeting to the Rules Service. The Rules Service consults the rulesdatabase and determines that there is a rule triggered by the start of ameeting. The Rules Service consults the rules database for furtherinformation about how the contextual condition for the rule relates tothe state of the client device. The status received last from the clientindicates that the device is moving and the contextual condition for therule evaluates to true, namely, carry out the action of the rule.

The Rules Service passes on the result of the rule evaluation to theAction Generator. In this case, it passes on an action of calling theuser on a specified telephone number. The Action Generator creates thesequence of instructions needed to call the telephone. The ActionGenerator issues a request to the PSTN Service to make a telephone callto the specified telephone number. The PSTN Service calls the requestedtelephone number, and connects to the user's telephone. The ActionGenerator issues a request to the PSTN Service to dial the appropriateinstructions to patch the user into the meeting they are due to attend.At this point, the user is connected into the meeting while they aredriving, without having to take their eyes off the road, or entercomplex sequences into their smart phone.

The software and systems described herein overcome the difficulties thatarise when users have several devices that can work together to automatetasks, yet are not configured out of the box to allow suchorchestration, or do not allow flexibility of orchestration. Aspectsdescribed herein thus provide the ability to define inferred contextual(temporal, geospatial, situational) and explicit (from all forms ofnatural interaction across devices) triggers from a variety of devices.Aspects also provide the ability to define actions for devices toperform based upon triggers determined from device context, and for thedefinition of rules that can be fired based on an inference engine toenable complex automation behaviors across devices. Aspects also providea question and answer interface to refine desired behaviors, as well asthe ability to learn how device behavior triggers based on learning orobserving user behavior across devices, instead of only relying on usersexplicitly scripting the behavior. For example, learning what a userdoes when they respond to something like a meeting notification, andreplicating this behavior the next time, such as automatically mutingtheir microphone, or setting it to a particular volume. Aspects alsoprovide the ability to learn device behavior based upon a question andanswer or if/then/else style interface.

While there are existing rules engines and automation frameworksavailable, they are typically related to one particular application ordevice. Aspects of the approaches described in this disclosure spanacross multiple devices and applications that a user has. This providesseveral advantages, including providing the ability to provide futureproof behaviors of devices working together collectively, even if theyare not explicitly designed to cooperate with each other. Aspectsdescribed herein also provide the ability to define simple triggers,actions, and behavior rules to give a level of flexibility not availableout of the box in other solutions. Aspects also provide the ability tolearn system behaviors based upon question and answer style interfaces,and/or by observing how a user uses the system can make customizationaccessible to users without any programming background.

Other aspects described herein provide the ability for users tocustomize orchestration by providing a learning facility, a question andanswer style interface and a traditional scripting approach. Theorchestration software may adapt to how users interact with the system,and adjust rules based on user behavior. Thus, the system may learn newinteractions and rules, based upon the observed behavior of a user ofthe system.

As noted above, the cloud service may be utilized for sharing varioustypes of content at a computing device, e.g., for cross-device filesharing, URL sharing, and copy-and-paste functionality. The back-endcloud service advantageously allows cross-device sharing acrossdifferent operating environments using only a multi-device clientinstalled at the various devices. The content shared across devices maybe anything residing at a device including, e.g., document files, imagefiles, audio files, video files, archive files, software applications,URLs, text-based content, presentation meetings, and the like. Moreover,users may share content with devices they are associated with (e.g., apersonal mobile telephone, a personal laptop computer, a personal tabletcomputer, etc.) and may share content with devices associated with otherindividuals.

In some example implementations, a user may select the particular deviceselected content it is shared with. In other example implementations,the cloud service may automatically determine which device to share thecontent with. The cloud service may make the determination based on,e.g., the type of content shared, the devices presently connected to thecloud service, and so forth. This context-based decision-making of thecloud service advantageously provides a seamless and unobtrusiveworkflow for the users. Allowing users to select which devices contentis shared with, however, advantageously gives the users more controlover the destination of their shared content. It will thus beappreciated that the cloud service may be selectively configured toshare content between devices according to the selections of the users,according to the present context, according to file sharing rule sets,or a combination of such.

As noted above, the orchestration framework may also interconnectcomputing devices to operate as a coordinated whole via a peer-to-peercommunication session. FIG. 9B illustrates an example implementation inwhich the orchestration agents are interconnected via a peer-to-peercommunication session. The orchestration agents may still allow thecomputing devices to access, e.g., a cloud storage resource, a rulesdatabase, a device database, and a user database as described above. Itwill be appreciated that aspects of the orchestration framework areapplicable in the peer-to-peer context as well as the client-servercontext.

A word processing application (e.g., Microsoft Word) is one example ofan application where the orchestration framework may distributeoperation of the application across multiple interconnected devices. Inthis example, a desktop computing device may initiate the wordprocessing application and request that a television display devicepresent the output from the application, e.g., a document being edited.The orchestration framework may distribute the application across otherinterconnected computing devices such that input for the word processingapplication may be received from the other computing devicesinterconnected with the desktop application. For example, a user at alaptop device may provide input at the laptop keyboard in order to editthe document, and another user at a tablet device may provide input atthe touchscreen keyboard in order to edit the document. In this way, auser may share a document with other devices while accessing thedocument at a first device.

In another example, interconnected devices may coordinate with eachother if one of the devices does not have the hardware or softwareneeded to carry out a computing activity. Online meetings are providedin this disclosure as one example in which computing devices may beinterconnected via an orchestration framework that coordinates operationof a computing activity across the computing devices. In one particularexample, a user may only have access to a cellular telephone and atelevision display device when joining the meeting. In this example, thetelevision display device may not have an audio input device, and thecellular telephone may not have an adequate video output device.Accordingly, the orchestration framework may coordinate the operation ofthe cellular telephone and the television display device to enable theuser to join the online meeting. Respective orchestration agents at thecellular telephone device and the television display device may connectthe devices via the orchestration framework as shown by way of examplein FIG. 9B. During the online meeting, the orchestration framework maythus cause video of the online meeting to be presented at the televisiondisplay device and cause audio from the user to be received for theonline meeting from the microphone of the cellular telephone device.Additional and alternative examples will be appreciated.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart 1000 of example method steps for cross-devicefile sharing. A user may operate a computing device at which variouscomputer files reside. The user may select one of the files to sharewith another device (block 1002). With the file selected, the user mayinitiate a cross-device share request (block 1004). The user mayinitiate the cross-device share request via, e.g., a keyboard shortcut,menu selection, and the like. Upon initiation of the cross-device sharerequest, the multi-device client may launch or activate at the device(block 1006).

The multi-device client may present a list of destinations the user maytransmit the selected file to (block 1008). The list of destinations mayinclude line items corresponding to computing devices associated withthe user as well as line items corresponding to individuals. As notedabove, the user may select a personal device associated with that useror an individual to transmit the selected file to. As also noted above,the list of line items may include the devices associated with thelisted individuals, and the user may select which device associated withan individual to transmit the selected file to. If the user selects anindividual rather than a device, the cloud service may automaticallydetermine which device associated with the selected individual totransmit the selected file to. It will be appreciated that the list ofindividuals may also include the user, and selection of the user maytransmit the selected file to a different device associated with theuser.

As noted above, the determination of which device to transmit theselected file to may be based on user selection, context, or rule sets.The user may manually select which device or individual to transmit theselected file to. Additionally or alternatively, the cloud service maydetermine which devices are presently connected to the cloud service,and automatically select one of those devices to receive the selectedfile. The cloud service may also automatically select a device based onthe type of file selected. As an example, the cloud service may selectan audio device to receive the selected file when the file is an audiofile. As another example, the cloud service may automatically select alarge display device to receive the selected file when the file is avideo file. The cloud service may also employ one or more rule sets todetermine which device should receive the selected file. Users maymodify the rule sets according to their preferences, and the rules mayconsider various characteristics associated with the users (e.g., userrole, location, etc.), the devices (e.g., device type, etc.), theselected file, and combinations of such. This rule-based approach tofile sharing may advantageously provide greater flexibility incustomizing how the cloud service automatically shares files acrossdevices.

Moreover, the list of destinations may be context-sensitive such thatthe destinations included in the list depend on various factors. In oneexample implementation, the multi-device client may dynamically filterthe list of destinations based on the capabilities of the potentialdevice destinations. In this regard, the multi-device client may beaware of the capabilities of the various devices. The cloud service maymaintain capability information corresponding to each device connectedto the cloud service and provide this capability information to themulti-device client. In turn, the multi-device client may utilize thecapability information when constructing the list of destinations. If apotential device destination is not capable of opening the selectedfile, then the multi-device client may exclude that device destinationfrom the list of destinations. In this way, the multi-device client maytailor the list of destinations to include only those devices having thecapability to open the selected file. The multi-device client may tailorthe list of destinations based on additional or alternative criteria.For example, the individuals included in the list of destinations may bethe attendees of an ongoing meeting that the user is attending. It willbe appreciated that the multi-device client may employ combinations ofcriteria to construct the list of destinations.

Referring back to FIG. 10, the user may select from the list ofdestinations a destination to transmit the selected file to (block1010). Having selected the destination, the multi-device client mayupload the selected file to a remote file sharing service that storesthe selected file (block 1012). The multi-device client may then notifythe cloud service that the selected file is available at the filesharing service (block 1014). The notification to the cloud service mayinclude, for example, the selected destination for the file, thelocation of the file at the file sharing service (e.g., a URLcorresponding to the file), and the like. The cloud service may thennotify the destination device that the file is available at the filesharing service (block 1016). The notification to the destination devicemay likewise include the location of the file at the file sharingservice.

The multi-device client at the destination device may responddifferently depending on whether the user shared the file with a deviceassociated with that user (e.g., another personal device) or a deviceassociated with another individual. For example, a sender may benotified when a recipient has modified a file shared via theorchestration framework, e.g. where two users are collaborating acrosstime and space. A sender may, in some instances, push a file for sharingpurposes and not care if it is ever modified. The sender may, in otherinstances, share a file for collaborating purposes and does not care ofbeing notified when the file changes. In particular, the multi-deviceclient may present an unobtrusive notification at the mobile device whenanother user shares a file. In this way, the multi-device client mayavoid interrupting users while engaging in other computing activities.As seen in FIG. 10, if the destination device is not a personal deviceof the user that shared the file (block 1018:N), then the multi-deviceclient at the destination device may display a notification that a newfiled has been shared with the destination device (block 1020). Uponreceipt of the notification of the shared file, the multi-device clientmay provide the recipient with the option to accept or reject the sharedfile. If the recipient does not accept the shared file (block 1022:N),then the multi-device client may wait (block 1024) until the recipientaccepts the shared file, e.g., by providing input requesting receipt ofthe shared file. When the recipient accepts the shared file (block1022:Y), the multi-device client may retrieve the file from the filesharing service (block 1026). The file sharing service may be locatedremotely relative to the device the multi-device client resides at, andmay be accessible, e.g., via the Internet. Accordingly, the multi-deviceclient may submit a request to the file sharing service using the URLcorresponding to the location of the shared file at the file sharingservice. The multi-device client may download the file from the filesharing service and launch the appropriate application at thedestination device to open the file (block 1028).

In some example implementations, the multi-device client may beconfigured to automatically respond to a file share. Accordingly, if thedestination device is a personal device of the user that shared the file(block 1018:Y), then the multi-device client may automatically retrievethe shared file from the file sharing service (block 1030) uponnotification of the shared file. When the multi-device client receivesthe shared file from the file sharing service, the multi-device clientmay also automatically launch the appropriate application at thedestination device to open the shared file.

It will be appreciated that the example approach described aboveprovides a quick and efficient way to share, e.g., email attachments.Instead of forwarding or creating new emails to share email attachments,users may share email attachments using the cloud service whichstreamlines the sharing process. The example approach described abovealso provides a quick and efficient way to share online presentations ormeetings with other devices or individuals. Instead of having userslaunch and log on to join an existing meeting, a user may share themeeting information and details with another individual using the cloudservice, and that meeting may automatically launch at a device utilizedby the individual. Similarly, the cloud service allows an attendee totransfer an ongoing meeting presented at one device to another deviceassociated with the attendee. As an example, an individual may attendedan online meeting using a desktop computing device. If the individualneeds to leave the desktop device for any reason, the individual may usethe cloud service to transfer the meeting to a mobile device such as atablet computing device or mobile phone device. In this way, users arenot tied to any particular device when attending an online meeting andmay advantageously jump between devices while attending the meeting.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 of example method steps for cross-device URLsharing. Similar to selecting a file to share, a user may select a URLto share (block 1102), e.g., by highlighting the URL. The user may theninitiate a cross-device request as described above (block 1104) andlaunch the multi-device client (block 1106). The user may select adestination from a list of destinations (block 1108), e.g., anotherdevice or an individual. With the destination selected, the multi-deviceclient may upload the URL to the cloud service (block 1110). The cloudservice may similarly notify the destination device of the shared URL(block 1112). The notification may include the shared URL.

As with sharing files, the multi-device client at the destination devicemay respond differently depending on whether the destination device isassociated with the user that shared the URL or another individual. Asnoted above, if the destination device is not a personal device of theuser that shared the URL (block 1114:N), then the multi-device clientmay display a notification indicating the shared URL (block 1116) so asto avoid any interruptions of other computing activities occurring atthe destination device. If the individual does not accept the shared URL(block 1118:N), then the multi-device client may wait (block 1120) untilinput is received indicating acceptance of the shared URL. When therecipient accepts the shared URL (block 1118:Y), the multi-device clientmay initiate launching of a web browser at the destination device aswell as a request for the shared URL (block 1122). If the user sharesthe URL another personal device (block 1114:Y), then the multi-deviceclient at the destination device may automatically initiate launching ofa web browser and request the shared URL (block 1124).

The cloud service may be configured to share URLs in a context-sensitivemanner. In particular, the cloud service may recognize URLs fordifferent types of online resources, e.g., a text-based webpage and avideo sharing webpage. Accordingly, the cloud service may automaticallyselect a destination device based on the URL type. As an example, thecloud service may recognize that the URL addresses a video sharingwebsite and, in response, select a large display device to share the URLwith. In this way, the cloud service may advantageously share the URLwith the device suitable for presenting the content addressed by theURL. As another example, the cloud service may recognize that the URLaddresses a text-based website and, in response, select a tablet deviceor desktop device to share the URL with. The cloud service may alsoemploy rule sets to determine which device to share the URL with. Forexample, a URL sharing rule set may list various websites and thedevices or types of devices the cloud service should select when sharingURLs associated with those websites. Users may configure the rule setsaccording to their preferences in order to customize the behavior of thecloud sharing service when sharing URLs. The rule sets may be associatedwith individual users for use when those users share the URL, andadditionally or alternatively, the cloud service may maintain a globalrule set applicable to all users.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart 1200 of example method steps for cross-devicecopy-and-paste functionality. Stated generally, a user may selectcontent at one device and copy the content to a clipboard at the cloudservice from which other users may paste the content at their owndevices. A user may first select the content to share (block 1202),e.g., by highlighting text or otherwise selecting the content. The usermay then initiate a cross-device request as described above (block1204), and the multi-device client may launch or otherwise activate(block 1206). The multi-device client may then upload the content to aglobal clipboard of the cloud service (block 1208). The global clipboardcorresponds to a storage location at the cloud service accessible to atleast some of the devices connected to the cloud service.

When a user copies content to the global clipboard, the cloud servicenotifies one or more of the devices connected to the cloud service thatnew clipboard content is available (block 1210). Users may utilize themulti-device client to paste the global clipboard content at theirrespective devices. The multi-device client may transmit a request tothe cloud service for the global clipboard content. When the cloudservice receives the request (block 1212), the cloud service maydownload the global clipboard content to the device (block 1214). Havingreceived the global clipboard content from the cloud service, the usermay paste the content into an application at the device (block 1216).

As set forth above, a device may not have the capability to open a fileshared with that device. For example, the application used to open theshared file may not be installed at the destination device.Nevertheless, the cloud service and multi-device client may beconfigured handle situations where a destination device does not havethe capability to open a shared file. As described in more detail below,the cloud service may automatically launch a virtual environment thathas the capability to open the shared file, and the multi-device clientmay launch a virtualization client to connect to the virtual environmentwhen a destination device is not capable of opening a shared file.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart 1300 of example method steps for launching ashared file at a destination device. The cloud service may receivenotification of a shared file (block 1302) as discussed above. The cloudservice may then determine whether the destination device is capable ofopening the shared file (block 1304). As noted above, the cloud servicemay store device capability information and may thus be aware of thecapabilities of the devices connected to the cloud service. Devices mayprovide the cloud service with their respective capability informationduring the negotiation process when connecting to the cloud service. Ifthe destination device is capable of opening the shared file (block1306:Y), the device then downloads the file from the cloud storageservice, and then the device may launch the appropriate application toopen the shared file, e.g., automatically or in response to receipt ofinput accepting the shared file as discussed above.

If the destination device is not capable of opening the shared file(block 1306:N), then the cloud service may initiate creation of avirtual environment (block 1310). The cloud service itself may createand maintain the virtual environment locally or, additionally oralternatively, a virtualization server that is located remotely relativeto the cloud service may create and maintain the virtual environment.The virtual environment may be configured with the capability to openthe shared file (block 1312). As an example, the virtual environment maybe configured to include the application used to open the shared file.The virtual environment may also be provided with the shared file (block1314). As an example, the cloud service may provide the virtualenvironment with the location of the shared file at the file sharingservice, and a multi-device client at the virtual environment mayretrieve the file from the file sharing service. In this regard, thevirtual environment may also be considered as a destination for theshared file.

Once the virtual environment retrieves the shared file from the filesharing service, the virtual environment may launch a virtualizedapplication to open the shared file (block 1316). The multi-deviceclient at the destination device may launch a virtualization client(block 1318), and the virtualization client may connect to the virtualenvironment (block 1320). In this way, users may advantageously sharefiles across devices that may not be equipped to open those files. Amore particular example may include a 3D formatted computer file thatcan only be opened using 3D modeling software. A mobile phone may not beequipped with the necessary software to open the 3D file. Using thecloud service and the virtualization approach described above, a virtualenvironment may launch a virtualized instance of the 3D modelingsoftware, and the virtualization client at the mobile phone may connectto the virtual environment to access 3D files shared with the mobilephone device. Other practical uses will be appreciated with the benefitof this disclosure.

Applications and Devices Having Multiple Operation Modes

An improved technique for managing enterprise applications on mobiledevices allows users to access enterprise applications from their ownmobile devices, where the enterprise applications securely coexist withthe users' own personal applications and data. Enterprise mobileapplications are specially created or adapted in such a way that theyare forced to interact with other applications and services on a mobiledevice through respective application management policies. Eachenterprise mobile application running on the mobile device has anassociated management policy through which it interacts with itsenvironment. The management policy selectively blocks or allowsactivities involving the enterprise application in accordance with rulesestablished by the enterprise. Together, the enterprise applicationsrunning on the mobile device form a set of managed applications. Themanagement policy associated with each of the managed applicationsincludes a record of each of the other managed applications. Typically,policy settings for interacting with managed applications are differentfrom policy settings for interacting with other applications, i.e.,applications which are not part of the managed set, such as a user'spersonal mobile applications. Managed applications are typically allowedto exchange data with other managed applications, but are blocked fromexchanging data with other applications, such as the user's own personalapplications. In some examples, application management policies ofmanaged applications are configured to allow links and/or iconspresented in one managed application to be followed or opened in anotherapplication only if the other application is also a managed application.

For example, a managed email application can be configured, through itsmanagement policy, to allow an attachment to be opened in a managed PDFannotator. But the same managed email application can be configured toprevent the same attachment from being opened in a PDF annotator that isnot part of the managed set.

By constraining managed applications to interact on a mobile devicethrough enterprise-administered management policies, the managed set ofapplications can thus be made to operate with other applications in themanaged set of applications, but can be prevented from operating withapplications that are not part of the managed set. Leakage of enterpriseinformation out of the managed set of applications can thus beprevented, as can be receipt of personal information into the managedset of applications. Certain embodiments are directed to a method ofmanaging applications of an enterprise on a mobile device. The methodincludes installing a set of managed applications of the enterprise onthe mobile device, wherein other applications are installed on themobile device that are not part of the set of managed applications. Themethod further includes receiving a set of application managementpolicies, wherein each of the set of managed applications is associatedwith a respective management policy of the set of application managementpolicies. The method still further includes selectively allowing a firstapplication of the set of managed applications to provide data to asecond application installed on the mobile device, responsive toaccessing a management policy of the first application and reading anindication from the management policy of the first application that thesecond application is a member of the set of managed applications, andselectively blocking the first application from providing data to athird application installed on the mobile device, responsive toaccessing the management policy of the first application and failing toread an indication from the management policy of the first applicationthat the third application is a member of the set of managedapplications.

An improved technique for managing enterprise applications on mobiledevices allows users to access enterprise applications from their ownmobile devices, where the enterprise applications securely coexist withthe users' own personal applications and data.

Secure data sharing is accomplished by creating a managed set ofapplications that can share files and/or data with one another, but areselectively prohibited from sharing files and/or data with applicationsthat are not part of the managed set. Thus, two objectives are achieved:(1) data are prevented from leaking out of the managed set and (2) dataare allowed to be shared among the applications within the managed set.FIG. 14 shows an example environment in which embodiments hereof can bepracticed. Here, a mobile device 1410, such as a smartphone, tablet,PDA, and the like, has installed upon it various mobile applications.The mobile applications include a set 1420 of managed applications 1422,1424, and 1426, and a personal application 1430. In some examples, anenterprise mobility management (EMM) client 1440 is also installed onthe mobile device 1410. The EMM client 1440 is configured to connect,e.g., via a network such as the Internet, with an EMM server 1450, whichtypically includes an authentication server 1452 and an applicationstore 1454. An example of the EMM client 1440 is a client agentavailable from Citrix. An example of the EMM server 1450 is a gatewayserver that provides access to enterprise resources and/or cloudresources. Each application in the set 1420 of managed applications isassociated with a respective management policy. For example, application1422 is associated with a management policy 1422 a, application 1424 isassociated with a management policy 1424 a, and application 1426 isassociated with a management policy 1426 a. In some examples, themanagement policies 1422 a, 1424 a, and 1426 a are provided in the formof files, such as XML or JSON files, in which the respective managementpolicy is expressed as a set of key/value pairs. In an example, eachmanagement policy 1422 a, 1424 a, and 1426 a includes a record of allapplications within the set 1420 of managed applications. Each of theset 1420 of managed applications is specially designed or adapted foruse with the enterprise. Some of the set 1420 of managed applicationsmay be designed specifically for the enterprise. Others of the set 1420of managed applications are more widely used applications (e.g.,available to the public) that have been specifically adapted for usewith the enterprise. Each of the set 1420 of applications includesinjected code that enables the application to conform to a framework ofthe enterprise. The injected code can be compiled into the applicationusing an SDK. Alternatively, the injected code can be applied as awrapper around a general-use application, to adapt it for use with theenterprise. In general, the injected code serves to divert API callsfrom the application to its associated management policy, such that themanagement policy can selectively allow or block activities specified bythe API calls.

In typical operation, a user of the mobile device 1410 starts the EMMclient 1440, logs on to the EMM server 1450 via the authenticationserver 1452, and accesses the application store 1454. The user can thenperuse enterprise applications available from the application store1454, select desired applications, and download them to the mobiledevice 1410, where the downloaded applications are included in the set1420 of managed applications. For each application downloaded, acorresponding management policy is also downloaded to the mobile device,and the management policies of all applications in the set 1420 areupdated to reflect all members of the set 1420. In an example,management policies (e.g., 1422 a, 1424 a, and 1426 a) are refreshedperiodically and/or in response to particular events, such as each timethe respective application is started and/or each time the user logsonto the EMM server 1450. Management policies can thus be adapted overtime and dynamically transferred to the mobile device 1410 from the EMMserver 1450.

Depending on settings of the management policies 1422, 1424, and 1426,applications within the set 1420 of managed applications can beconstrained to exchange files and/or data only with other applicationswithin the set 1420. For example, API calls from the application 1422are intercepted by the injected code of the application 1422. Themanagement policy 1422 a is read, and the operation specified by the APIcall is either blocked or allowed depending on the settings in themanagement policy 1422 a. Because the management policy 1422 a has arecord of all applications in the set 1420 of managed applications, theapplication 1422, by reading the management policy 1422 a, can testwhether the requested operation of the API call involves an applicationinside or outside the set 1420, and allow or block activity accordingly.Thus, based on management policy settings, movement of data can berestricted such that data within the set 1420 of managed applications isnot comingled with data outside the managed set (e.g., with application1430).

In some examples, applications in the set 1420 of managed applicationson the mobile device 1410 can be assigned to different groups. In suchcases, management policies (e.g., 1422 a, 1424 a, and 1426 a) areupdated to include records of groups and group members. The flow offiles and/or data between applications can thus be further restricted tomembers of particular groups. Providing different groups of mobileapplications within the managed set 1420 can help to segregateapplications handling highly sensitive data from those that handle lesssensitive data.

It is understood that the above-described process of intercepting an APIcall, consulting an application's management policy, and allowing orblocking the operation specified by the API call based on the managementpolicy can be carried out in a number of contexts. In one example, theabove process can be applied for selecting a set of applications on themobile device 1410 that can be used to open a file or data elementidentified by a link or icon (e.g., using Open In). In another example,the above process can be applied for copying data or data objects fromone application and pasting the data or data objects in anotherapplication (e.g., via a hidden, encrypted paste buffer). In yet anotherexample, the above process can be applied for moving files into and/orout of a protected file vault. Essentially, any operation used to movedata into and/or out of an application can make use of the abovetechnique.

It is further understood that this techniques can apply not only tomovement of data to other applications, but also to recording, pictures,printing, playback of audio, and other functions.

Operating system extensions may be obtained for the mobile device 1410.One such operating system extension responds to a user pointing to alink or icon representing a data object, such as a file, by displaying alist of applications on the mobile device 1410 that are capable ofopening that data object. An example of such an operating systemextension is “Open In,” which is available on iOS devices. Similarextensions are available for Android and Windows 8 devices.

In an example, applications within the set 1420 of managed applicationssupport the use of Open In, but the list of applications displayed foropening a selected data object is limited based on the managementpolicies of the respective applications. For example, the list ofapplications displayed when Open In is invoked from the application 1422can be limited, in accordance with the management policy 1422 a, only toother applications in the managed set 1420. Thus, in this example, OpenIn lists only applications that are both (1) within the managed set 1420and (2) compatible with the data object. On mobile operating systems,such as iOS, Android, and Windows 8, each application runs in its ownsandbox. These apps use a very high level content sharing mechanism likeOpen In in iOS, Intents/activities in Android and Charms in Windows8. Ona BYOD (bring your own device) mobile device, it will have a mix ofmanaged and un-managed/personal applications running on the device.Here, we focus on how to enable data sharing among the managed set ofapplications.

On modern mobile operating systems like iOS, the file system is notreally exposed to the end user by design to hide complexity. The focusis rather on the applications and the data they handle.

There are many ways data can move in and out of the device. Primaryexamples include email, cloud storage resources (e.g., ShareFile®,DropBox, GoogleDocs, Box), browsers, etc. Then the data needs to bemoved among the managed applications to get actual work done.

A method and system for operating an application with multiple modes aredescribed. A plurality of applications may be presented to a user on amobile device and one of the displayed applications may be selected. Theselected application may have one or more contexts that are determined.For example, a context for the selected application may be that theapplication is configured to access an enterprise account. Based on thecontext, the selected application may be run on the mobile device in oneof a plurality of operations modes. The operation modes may comprisemanaged, unmanaged, and partially managed modes.

In an embodiment, the context for the selected application may comprisean account to be accessed by the selected application, a location forthe mobile device that will be running the selected application, adetermination as to whether a predetermined application is running onthe mobile device, one or more network connections for the mobiledevice, and one or more settings for the mobile device. One or more ofthese contexts may be compared to management policies to determine anoperation mode for the selected application.

In another embodiment, an operation mode may be switched for a selectedapplication. One or more contexts may be monitored for the selectedapplication while running and a change in operation mode may be detectedbased on the monitoring. For example, one or more contexts may changefor the selected application and a management policy may define that anoperation mode for the selected application is to be changed.Accordingly, the operation mode may be switched to the updated operationmode.

FIG. 15 illustrates a sample interface of a mobile device, and FIGS.16-22 illustrate sample embodiments of methods for determining anoperation mode for an application. The methods depicted in FIGS. 16-22may be combined in any suitable manner in various embodiments. Thesample interface depictured in FIG. 15 may be displayed on a mobiledevice, such as device 107, 109, 240, 502, and/or 602, and the methodsdepicted in FIGS. 16-22 may be implemented by such a mobile device.

In FIG. 16, a flowchart of example method steps for determining anapplication mode for an application is shown. The method of FIG. 16 maybegin at step 1602, where a plurality of applications are presented. Forexample, a plurality of applications may be presented to a user on amobile device. FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment where user interface700 displayed on a mobile device (e.g., tablet, smart phone, or thelike) presents Applications A 700, B 701, C 702, and E 703 to a user.This is merely an example, and the plurality of applications may bepresented in any suitable manner. In an embodiment, the plurality ofapplications may comprise email applications, web browsing applications,software-as-a-service (SaaS) access applications, and the like.

The method of FIG. 16 may proceed from step 1602 to step 1604, where aselection for one of the plurality of applications is received. Withreference to an embodiment depicted in FIG. 14, a user of a mobiledevice may select one of the presented applications by, for example,pressing a display of the mobile device to select the application. Thisis merely an example, and the application may be selected in anysuitable manner.

The method of FIG. 16 may proceed from step 1604 to step 1606, where acontext for the selected applications is determined based on one or moreoperational parameters of the device executing the selected application.For example, a context may be based on an account to be accessed by theapplication, a location of the mobile device or a network connectivitystatus of the mobile device executing the application, or based on anyother operational parameter. The methods of FIGS. 17-21, furtherdescribed below, illustrate various embodiments where example contextsare described.

The method of FIG. 16 may proceed from step 1604 to step 1606, where anoperation mode for the selected application is determined based on thecontext. In an embodiment, the operations modes may comprise unmanaged,managed, and partially managed modes. The operation mode may bedetermined based on one or more determined contexts.

In an embodiment, the determined context may be compared to a storedmanagement policy in order to determine an operation mode. A mobiledevice, such as mobile device 502, may store one or more managementpolicies used to determine an operation mode for an application. In anembodiment, the management policies may be stored remotely, such as atpolicy manager 570, described above with reference to FIG. 5. In anexample, a context may comprise a selected application configured toaccess a secure account, such as an email application configured toaccess a secure email account. This context may be compared to a storedmanagement policy. For instance, the stored management policy may definethat an email application that is configured to access a secure emailaccount is to be run as a managed application. Additional contexts andmanagement policies will be described with respect to FIGS. 17-21.

The method of FIG. 16 may proceed from step 1606 to step 1608, where theselected application is run in the determined operation mode. Forexample, the operation mode may be determined as managed, unmanaged, orpartially managed, and the selected application may be run in thedetermined mode.

In an embodiment, an application that is capable of running in managedmode or unmanaged mode may be controlled by partition, by policy, by oneor more sandboxes, or any other suitable configuration. For example, amanaged operation mode may include running the application as a part ofthe managed partition 510 of mobile device 502, as described above withreference to FIG. 5. As such, the managed application may be run assecure native applications 514, secure remote applications 522 executedby a secure application launcher 518, virtualization applications 526executed by a secure application launcher 518, and the like. Theapplications running on the managed partition may be stabilizedapplications such that device manager 524 monitors the stabilizedapplications to detect and remedy problems that might result in adestabilized application, such as pushing updates to the stabilizedapplications.

In an embodiment, an application running in managed mode may access datastored in a secure data container 528 in the managed partition 510 ofthe mobile device. The data stored in the secure data container 528 mayinclude data restricted to a specific secure application 530, sharedamong other secure applications, and the like. Data restricted to asecure application may include secure general data 534 and highly securedata 538. Secure general data may use a strong form of encryption suchas AES 128-bit encryption or the like, while highly secure data 538 mayuse a very strong form of encryption such as AES 254-bit encryption. Inan embodiment, an application running in managed mode may save, modify,or delete data in secure data container 528. The data saved or modifiedmay be encrypted similar to other data stored in secure data container528. The data saved or modified may be encrypted similar to other datastored in secure data container 528. In this example, an unmanagedoperation mode may include running the application as part of unmanagedpartition 512, as described above.

In an embodiment, an application running in managed mode or unmanagedmode may be controlled by policies. As such, one or more policies maydefine that the application running in managed mode may access secureddata (e.g., data in secure data container 528, encrypted data, such asdata encrypted with a particular key, or any other suitable secureddata), may communicate with a secure server (e.g., gateway server 560),may be managed by a device manager (e.g., device manager 524), or anyother suitable policy. One or more policies may also define that theapplication running in unmanaged mode may not access secure data (e.g.,data in secure data container 528, encrypted data, such as dataencrypted with a particular key, or any other suitable secured data),may not communicate with a secure server (e.g., gateway server 560), mayaccess unsecured data (e.g., unsecured data container 542, unencrypteddata, or any other unsecured data), or any other suitable policy. Inthis example, an application running in managed mode and an applicationrunning in unmanaged mode may either include partitions (e.g., managedpartition 510 and unmanaged partition 512) or may not includepartitions.

In an embodiment, an application running in managed mode or unmanagedmode may be controlled by one or more sandboxes. A sandbox may comprisea physical or virtualized portion of a device where applications runningin the sandbox may include access policies that are different fromaccess policies for applications that are not running in the sandbox.For example, an application running in managed mode may run in a sandboxthat includes policies for the managed mode, such as the policiesdescribed herein. In another example, an application running inunmanaged mode may run in a sandbox that includes policies for theunmanaged mode, such as the policies described herein. In this example,an application running in managed mode and an application running inunmanaged mode may either include partitions (e.g., managed partition510 and unmanaged partition 512) or may not include partitions.

In an embodiment, an application running in managed mode may connect toenterprise resources 504 and enterprise services 508 through virtualprivate network connections, as described about with reference to FIG.5. The virtual private network connections may be specific to particularapplication, such as the selected application, particular devices,particular secured areas on the mobile device, and the like. Forexample, wrapped applications in a secured area of the phone may accessenterprise resources through an application specific VPN such thataccess to the VPN would be granted based on attributes associated withthe application, possibly in conjunction with user or device attributeinformation.

In an embodiment, an application running in managed mode may encryptdata transmitted from the application. For example, an applicationrunning in managed mode may be communicating with a computing deviceover a network, and the data transmitted from the application to thedevice may be encrypted. In addition, the data communicated from thecomputing device to the application may also be encrypted, and theapplication running in managed mode may be configured to decrypt thereceived data.

In an embodiment, an application running in managed mode my access asecure portal. For example, an application may connect to a computingdevice over a network, for example, a microVPN, and may access a secureportal that might not be access by unsecured applications, such asapplications running in unmanaged mode.

In an embodiment, an unmanaged operation mode may include running theapplication as a part of the unmanaged partition 512 of mobile device502, as described above with reference to FIG. 5. In an unmanaged mode,the application may access data stored in an unsecured data container542 on the unmanaged partition 512 of the mobile device 502. The datastored in an unsecured data container may be personal data 544.

In an embodiment, an application running in partially managed mode maybe run similar to an application running in managed mode, but might notinclude all aspects of the latter. For example, an application runningin partially managed mode may have the information transmitted from theapplication over a network encrypted, but the application might not haveaccess to secure data container 528, as described with reference to FIG.5. In another example, an application running in partially managed modemay have access to secure data container 528, but might not be able toconnect to enterprise resources 504 and enterprise services 508 throughvirtual private network connections. Accordingly, depending on thedetermined context, an application running in partially managed mode mayinclude aspects of an application running in managed mode and aspects ofan application running in unmanaged mode.

In FIGS. 17-21, flowcharts of example method steps for determining acontext and operation mode for an application are shown. In anembodiment, steps 1606 and 1608 of FIG. 16 may comprise the method stepsof any one or more of FIGS. 17-21. The method of FIG. 17 may begin atstep 1702, where an account to be accessed by a selected application isdetected. For example, a selected application may comprise an emailapplication and an email account that the email application isconfigured to access may be detected. In this example, the emailapplication may be able to access multiple email accounts, such as anenterprise email account and a personal email account, and the accountthat the email application is configured to access at the time ofrunning may be determined as the context account to be accessed.

The method of FIG. 17 may proceed from step 1702 to step 1704, where anaccount type of the account to be accessed may be determined. Theaccount type may comprise a context for the selected application. Forexample, a selected application may comprise an email application andthe email application may be configured to access an enterprise account.In another example, the email application may be configured to access apersonal account.

The method of FIG. 17 may proceed from step 1704 to step 1706, where anaccount type may be compared with an account type management policy. Forexample, a management policy may define that an email application thatis to access an enterprise account should run in managed mode and anemail application that is to access a personal account should run inunmanaged mode. The method of FIG. 17 may proceed from step 1706 to step1708, where an operation mode is determined based on the comparison.

The method of FIG. 18 may begin at step 1802, where a location for amobile device is determined. For example, a mobile device, such asmobile device 502, may implement the method of FIG. 18, and a locationfor the mobile device may be determined. The location may be determinedby GPS, signal triangulation, or any other suitable or otherwise knownmanner. The location may comprise a context for the selectedapplication.

The method of FIG. 18 may proceed from step 1802 to step 1804, where adetermined location may be compared with a location management policy.For example, a management policy may define that a selected applicationrun in managed mode when in a certain location, for example, on companypremises. In an embodiment, a management policy may define that aselected application run in partially managed mode when in a certainlocation, for example, when the determined location is inside the UnitedStates but off company premises. For example, the partially managed modemay encrypt communication to and from the selected application, butmight not allow access to enterprise resources, such as resources 504.In another embodiment, a management policy may define that a selectedapplication run in unmanaged mode when in a certain location, forexample, when the determined location is outside the United States. Themethod of FIG. 18 may proceed from step 1804 to step 1806, where anoperation mode is determined based on the comparison.

The method of FIG. 19 may begin at step 1902, where it is monitoredwhether a predetermined application is running on a device. For example,a mobile device, such as mobile device 502, may implement the method ofFIG. 19, and the mobile device may be monitored to determine whether apredetermined application is running. The predetermined application maycomprise any application capable of running on the mobile device, such aclient agent 604 as described with reference to FIG. 6. The monitoredpredetermined application may comprise a context for the selectedapplication.

The method of FIG. 19 may proceed from step 1902 to step 1904, where amonitored application is compared against a management policy. Forexample, a management policy may define that a selected application runin managed mode when a predetermined application, such as client agent604, is running and that the selected application run in unmanaged modewhen the predetermined application is not running. The method of FIG. 19may proceed from step 1904 to step 1906, where an operation mode isdetermined based on the comparison.

The method of FIG. 20 may begin at step 2002, one or more networkconnections are detected. For example, a mobile device, such as mobiledevice 502, may implement the method of FIG. 20, and the networkconnections that the mobile device makes may be detected. In an example,network connections may comprise a connection to a cellular network, aconnection to a WIFI network, or a connection to a Wireless Local AreaNetwork (WLAN), or the like. The one or more network connections maycomprise a context for the selected application.

The method of FIG. 20 may proceed from step 2002 to step 2004, wheredetected network connections are compared against a network connectionmanagement policy. For example, a management policy may define that aselected application run in managed mode when a mobile device isconnected to an internal network, such as a WLAN internal to a company,and that the selected application run in unmanaged mode when the mobiledevice is only connected to a wireless network, such as cellular networkor WIFI network. The method of FIG. 20 may proceed from step 2004 tostep 2006, where an operation mode is determined based on thecomparison.

The method of FIG. 21 may begin at step 2102, where one or more settingsfor a mobile device are detected. For example, a mobile device, such asmobile device 502, may implement the method of FIG. 21, and one or moresettings for the mobile device may be detected. In an example, it may bedetected whether the mobile device has a lock screen, such as a PINrequired for using the mobile device, or it may be detected whether themobile device is jailbroken, e.g., has received after-marketmodifications. The one or more settings may comprise a context for theselected application.

The method of FIG. 21 may proceed from step 2102 to step 2104, wheredetected settings are compared against a settings management policy. Forexample, a management policy may define that a selected applicationmight not run in managed mode if the mobile device does not have a lockscreen or if the mobile device is jailbroken. The method of FIG. 21 mayproceed from step 2104 to step 2106, where an operation mode isdetermined based on the comparison. In an embodiment, when running theselected application in the determined mode, an indicator may bedisplayed on the mobile device that informs a user of certain managementpolicies, such as a requirement for a mobile device to have a lockscreen before the mobile device is allowed to run the selectedapplication in managed mode. FIGS. 17-21 describe a plurality ofcontexts, and any other suitable context and corresponding managementpolicy may be implemented.

In an embodiment, one or more of the contexts described in FIGS. 17-21may be combined and these contexts may be compared against a managementpolicy for the selected application. For example, contexts for aselected application may comprise an account type to be accessed as anenterprise email account and a detected network connection as a cellularnetwork. In this example, the management policy may define that when anenterprise account is attempted to be accessed over a cellular network,the selected application should be run in managed mode. The managementpolicy may be defined in this way because the selected application mayencrypt the communication with the enterprise email account, andtherefore the risk of sending secure traffic over a cellular network maybe mitigated.

In another example, contexts for a selected application may comprise adetermined location outside of the United States and a networkconnection with a WLAN internal to a company. A management policy maydefine that a selected application is to run in managed mode when adetermined location is outside the United States and a networkconnection is with a WLAN internal to a company. The management policymay be defined in this way because a network connection with a WLANinternal to a company mitigates the risk associated with securecommunications outside of the United States.

In an embodiment, the one or more contexts as described in FIGS. 17-21may include a priority. For example, a context for a selectedapplication may comprise a mobile device setting as jailbroken and amanagement policy may define that a selected application is to run inunmanaged mode when a context indicates a jailbroken mobile device,regardless of what other contexts indicate. Accordingly, a jailbrokenmobile device will have a selected application run in unmanaged modeeven when the mobile device is connected to a WLAN internal to a companyor if the selected application is attempting to access an enterpriseaccount.

In an embodiment, a management policy may indicate that a selectedapplication is to be run in partially managed mode based on a pluralityof contexts as described in FIGS. 17-21. For example, contexts for aselected application may comprise an account type to be accessed as anenterprise email account and a detected network connection as a cellularnetwork. In this example, the management policy may define that when anenterprise account is attempted to be accessed over a cellular network,the selected application should be run in partially managed mode. Thepartially managed mode may encrypt communication to and from theselected application, but might not allow access to enterpriseresources, such as resources 504. The management policy may be definedin this way because the encrypted communication with the enterpriseemail account may be a low risk communication, and allowing access toenterprise resources may be a high risk communication.

In FIG. 22, a flowchart of example method steps for switching anoperation mode for an application is shown. For example, the methodsteps of FIG. 22 may follow the method steps of FIG. 16. The method ofFIG. 22 may begin at step 2202, where one or more contexts may bemonitored while a selected application is running. In an embodiment, oneor more of the contexts described with reference to FIGS. 17-21 may bemonitored. For example, a mobile device running a selected applicationmay be connected to a cellular network and while the selectedapplication is running, the mobile device may make a new networkconnection with a WLAN internal to a company.

The method of FIG. 22 may proceed from step 2202 to step 2204, where achange in an operation mode for a selected application is detected basedon the monitoring. Stated differently, the mobile device may detect achange in information that formed the basis for selecting a particularoperational mode. For example, a selected application may be running inunmanaged mode, and once a mobile application running the selectedapplication connects to a WLAN internal to a company, a managementpolicy may define that the operation mode for the selected applicationshould switch to managed mode. The method of FIG. 22 may proceed fromstep 2204 to step 2206, where the operation mode for the selectedapplication is switched.

Managing Dynamic Management Policies and Settings for MobileApplications

An improved technique ensures that a wide range of management policies,including application-specific management policies and settings, can becomposed, configured through an administrative interface, and deliveredto the deployed applications, without requiring changes to control pointsoftware.

Some embodiments are directed to a method for specially preparedenterprise applications delivered and managed through an enterprisemobile application management system to (a) define the available set ofapplication management policies in an open-ended manner such that newmanagement policies can be contrived easily, (b) describe the requireduser interface elements and range of possible management policy settingsvalues sufficient for the control point software to dynamically composean administrative user interface for the setting in question withoutexplicit knowledge of the particular setting or its meaning, and/or (c)roll up all applicable management policy settings for a particularmanaged application (taking into account user and access scenario) anddeliver them to the application at run time such that these settings canbe queried dynamically by the application as needed for properenforcement.

An improved technique ensures that a wide range of management policies,including application-specific management policies and settings, can becomposed, configured through an administrative interface, and deliveredto the deployed applications, without requiring changes to control pointsoftware.

Enterprises create (or adapt) their native mobile applications usingtools and SDKs associated with the enterprise mobility management (EMM)solution they have chosen to deploy. Depending upon the tools or SDKversion used to prepare such applications, one can expect that therewill be a default set of management policies that the EMM systemsoftware provides automatically. These default management policies canbe further augmented by the application developer defining their ownapplication specific management policies and settings.

All management policies and settings should be defined using adeclarative syntax (metadata) that includes the following elementsassociated with each setting:

-   -   Setting group or category ID;    -   Setting dictionary name;    -   Setting type (Boolean, integer, string, multistring, enum, uri,        etc);    -   Range of possible settings values;    -   Default setting value;    -   Setting friendly name string (default language plus resource ID        for localized name);    -   Setting units and other U/I display strings (default language        plus references to resource ID for localized strings);    -   Explanation and extended help text strings (default language        plus references to resource ID for localized strings);

In an example, the above-described metadata is provided in the form ofan XML document that defines individual elements listed above for eachsetting.

The application preparation tools should assemble the management policymetadata for the default EMM-system-provided management policies as wellas any application-specific management policies provided by theapplication developer packaging these setting descriptions directly intothe application bundle that will be uploaded to the management controlpoint of the EMM server.

When a managed application is uploaded to the control point for thepurpose of publishing the application for the enterprise users toconsume, the control point will read the management policy metadata ofthe application and dynamically compose an administrative user interfacefor all setting all application management policies and settings. The ITadministrator interacts with the various controls choosing settings thatare appropriate for each or leaving them to their default value. In anexample, the output of this step is a simple JSON or XML dictionary ofkey/value pairs representing each defined setting name (dictionary name)and its assigned value.

Once uploaded and configured on the control point, these enterprisemanaged applications are made available to an organization's employeesto peruse and choose to install based on their role within theorganization. Alternatively, such applications can be pushed directly tomobile devices for employees who have enrolled their device with acorporate MDM server.

When an employee executes a managed application on the mobile device,they are typically challenged to authenticate their corporate identityalong with passwords and other factors as dictated by corporatemanagement policy. After having authenticated the user and device, theaccess manager components of the system verify that the user is entitledto the application in question and downloads the JSON or XML managementpolicy document representing the settings that have been established bythe enterprise administrator for this user when using this specificapplication.

The configured settings held therein are consulted by the application orembedded EMM software whenever a management policy decision is needed atrun time. The application management policy document would typically becached and periodically refreshed to ensure continued compliance withconfigured administrative settings should they change in the future.Indeed, one of the embedded management policy settings should dictaterequired update frequency.

As new versions of the EMM toolkit or SDK become available and as newapplications are developed and adapted to this system, the available setof management policy settings needed by current application mix can growdramatically. However, no change in control point software is needed tooffer administrative control over the new settings surfaced by thesenewly deployed applications.

By relying on a comprehensive metadata description of all managementpolicies and settings associated with managed enterprise applicationsembedded within the application bundle itself, the administrativecontrol point for these management policies can dynamically compose userinterface for these settings, thereby decoupling the back end EMM serversoftware from the specific knowledge of management policies to beoffered.

Further, this data driven description of management policy settingsmakes it very easy to deliver management policy settings dynamically toan application at runtime without any middleware knowledge of thesemantics of these settings.

FIG. 23 shows an example environment in which embodiments hereof can bepracticed. As shown, a mobile device 2310 communicates, e.g., over theInternet or some other network, with an EMM 2330. The EMM 2330 includesan authentication server 2332, an application store 2334, and anadministrative user interface generator 2336. Other constructs maybeincluded, as well, but these are omitted from FIG. 9A for simplicity.

In operation, an application developer 2340 develops a mobileapplication 2312. The application developer also produces managementpolicy metadata 2346. The management policy metadata 2346 defines a setof management policies for controlling data flow into and/or out of themobile application 2312. Typically, the management policy metadataincludes a first set of management policy metadata that is general tothe EMM 2330 and a second set of management policy metadata that isspecific to the mobile application 2312. It is understood that theapplication developer 2340 (or multiple developers) may develop multiplemobile applications, each with metadata general to the EMM 2330 and withapplication-specific metadata.

The mobile application 2312 and management policy metadata 2346 are sentto the EMM 2330 and received by the administrative UI generator 2336.Upon receiving the mobile application 2312 and management policymetadata 2346, the administrative UI generator 2336 dynamicallygenerates an administrative UI 2350. An administrator then views themanagement policy metadata 2346 (e.g., an XML file) via a viewer, andcustomizes the management policy settings in the metadata, e.g., basedon rules of the EMM 2330 and/or other considerations. The result of theadministrator's customizations is an application management policy 2356.In an example, the application management policy 2356 is provided in theform of a dictionary of management policy names and values, which may berendered as an XML or JSON file, for example.

With the settings of the application management policy 2356 established,the mobile application 2312 is made available to users via theapplication store 2334. Users, such as a user of the mobile device 2310,can log on to the EMM 2330 by submitting authentication requests 2314 tothe authentication server 2332 and receiving authentication responses2316. Authenticated users can view mobile applications in theapplication store 2334 and download them to their mobile devices. Forexample, the user of the mobile device 2310 can download the mobileapplication 2312 from the application store 2334.

When the user downloads the application 2312, the user also receives theapplication management policy 2356. The mobile application 2312 is thenconstrained to operate on the mobile device 2310 in accordance with theapplication management policy 2356.

Generally, the mobile application 2312 is specially designed or adaptedfor use with the enterprise, i.e., it is not an application that generalusers can download for their own personal activities (e.g., news apps,Facebook app, etc.). In some examples, the mobile application 2312 isspecially designed for the EMM 2330. In other examples, the application2312 is a widely used application that is adapted specifically for usewith the EMM 2330. For example, the application is provided withadditional code that enables the application to conform with theframework of the EMM 2330. Such code can be compiled into theapplication using an SDK. Alternatively, such code may be applied as awrapper around the general-use application, to adapt it specifically foruse with the EMM 2330. In general, the additional code serves to divertAPI calls from the mobile application 2312 through the applicationmanagement policy 2356, such that the management policy 2356 can controlthe behavior of the mobile application 2312 on the mobile device 2310.

The application developers 2340 can periodically provide updatedversions of the management policy metadata 2346. These are used togenerate (via the administrative UI generator 2336) an updatedapplication management policy 2356. In some examples, the updatedapplication management policy 2356 is pushed to the mobile device 2310to update the management policy in use.

In some examples, the application management policy 2356 residing on themobile device 2310 is refreshed periodically, or in response to certainevents, such as starting the mobile application 2312 on the mobiledevice 2310.

Controlling Device Access to Enterprise Resources

An improved technique for managing encrypted data vaults for storingdata on mobile devices includes directing read and write operations froman application running on a mobile device to an enterprise-generatedmanagement policy, specific to that application, which designates anencrypted vault for the data specified by the read and write operations.

FIG. 24 shows an example environment in which embodiments hereof can bepracticed. Here, a mobile device 2410, such as a smartphone, tablet,PDA, and the like, has installed upon it various mobile applications.The mobile applications include a set 2420 of managed applications 2422,2424, and 2426, which are managed by the enterprise, and a personalapplication 2430, which is not managed by the enterprise. In someexamples, an enterprise mobility management (EMM) client 2440 is alsoinstalled on the mobile device 2410. The EMM client 2440, also referredto herein as a “broker,” is configured to connect, e.g., via a networksuch as the Internet, with an EMM server 2450, which typically includesan authentication server 2452, an application store 2454, and a keyserver 2456. An example of the EMM client 2440 is a client agentavailable for Citrix. An example of the EMM server 2450 is a gatewayserver that provides access to enterprise resources and/or cloudresources.

The illustrated mobile device 2410 also includes a shared data vault2442. The shared data vault 2442 includes encrypted files and/or dataobjects accessible to each of the set 2420 of managed applications.

Each application in the set 2420 of managed applications is associatedwith a respective management policy. For example, application 2422 isassociated with a management policy 2422 a, application 2424 isassociated with a management policy 2424 a, and application 2426 isassociated with a management policy 2426 a. In some examples, themanagement policies 2422 a, 2424 a, and 2426 a are provided in the formof files, such as XML or JSON files, in which the respective managementpolicy is expressed as a set of key/value pairs. In an example, eachmanagement policy 2422 a, 2424 a, and 2426 a includes a record of allapplications within the set 2420 of managed applications.

In some examples, each application in the set 2420 of managedapplications is also associated with a respective private applicationvault. For example, application 2422 is associated with a privateapplication vault 2422 b, application 2424 is associated with a privateapplication vault 2424 b, and application 2426 is associated with aprivate application vault 2426 b. Encryption keys for the privateapplication vaults 2422 b, 2424 b, and 2426 b, as well as an encryptionkey for the shared vault 2442 are obtained from the key server 2456 onthe EMM server 2450 and can be held temporarily within the mobiledevice.

Each of the set 2420 of managed applications is specially designed oradapted for use with the enterprise. Some of the set 2420 of managedapplications may be designed specifically for the enterprise. Others ofthe set 2420 of managed applications are more widely used applications(e.g., available to the public) that have been specifically adapted foruse with the enterprise. Each of the set 2420 of applications includesinjected code that enables the application to conform to a framework ofthe enterprise. The injected code can be compiled into the applicationusing an SDK. Alternatively, the injected code can be applied as awrapper around a general-use application, to adapt it for use with theenterprise. In the context of the improvements disclosed herein, theinjected code serves to divert API calls for reading and writing fromthe application to its associated management policy, such that the reador write requests are redirected to a designated secure vault inaccordance with the settings of the management policy.

In typical operation, a user of the mobile device 2410 starts the EMMclient 2440, logs on to the EMM server 2450 via the authenticationserver 2452, and accesses the application store 2454. The user can thenperuse enterprise applications available from the application store2454, select desired applications, and download them to the mobiledevice 2410, where the downloaded applications are included in the set2420 of managed applications. For each application downloaded, acorresponding management policy is also downloaded to the mobile device,and the management policies of all applications in the set 2420 areupdated to reflect all members of the set 2420.

In an example, management policies (e.g., 2422 a, 2424 a, and 2426 a)are refreshed periodically and/or in response to particular events, suchas each time the respective application is started and/or each time theuser logs onto the EMM server 2450. Management policies can thus beadapted over time and dynamically transferred to the mobile device 2410from the EMM server 2450.

Depending on settings of the management policies 2422, 2424, and 2426,applications within the set 2420 of managed applications can beconstrained to exchange files and/or data only with other applicationswithin the set 2420. For example, API calls from the application 2422specifying file reads or writes are intercepted by the injected code ofthe application 122. The management policy 2422 a is read, and the reador write operation specified is diverted to an encrypted vault (e.g.,the private vault 2422 b or the shared vault 2442), depending on thesettings in the management policy 2422 a.

In some examples, applications in the set 2420 of managed applicationson the mobile device 2410 can be assigned to different groups. In suchcases, management policies (e.g., 2422 a, 124 a, and 2426 a) are updatedto include records of groups and group members. The flow of files and/ordata between applications can thus be further restricted to members ofparticular groups. For example, each group may be provided with its ownshared vault 142. Providing different groups of mobile applicationswithin the managed set 2420 can help to segregate applications handlinghighly sensitive data from those that handle less sensitive data.

It is understood that the above-described process of intercepting an APIcall, consulting an application's management policy, and allowing,blocking, or redirecting the operation specified by the API call basedon the management policy can be carried out in a number of contexts. Inone example, the above process can be applied for selecting a set ofapplications on the mobile device 2410 that can be used to open a fileor data element identified by a link or icon (e.g., using Open In). Inanother example, the above process can be applied for copying data ordata objects from one application and pasting the data or data objectsin another application (e.g., via a hidden, encrypted paste buffer). Inyet another example, the above process can be applied for moving filesinto and/or out of a protected file vault, as described herein.Essentially, any operation used to move data into and/or out of anapplication can make use of the above technique.

FIG. 25 shows various features of the mobile device 2510 in additionaldetail. Here, the application 2522 (representative of any of theapplications of the managed set 2420) issues read operations 2510 andwrite operations 2512 to persistent space on the mobile device 2510. Innon-managed applications, such read and write operations would typicallybe directed to the application's sandbox. Here, however, read and writeoperations are intercepted by the management policy-aware interceptionlayer 2520 and directed to an appropriate encrypted vault. For readoperations 2510, the management policy-aware interception layer 2520inspects the type of data to be read and consults the management policy2522 a. If the management policy 2522 a specifies that the identifiedtype of data is stored in the private application vault 2522 b, themanagement policy-aware interception layer 2520 obtains the data fromthe private application vault 2522 b. However, if the management policy2522 a specifies that the identified type of data is stored in theshared data vault 2542, the management policy-aware interception layer2520 obtains the data from the shared data vault 2542. The managementpolicy-aware interception layer 2520 then decrypts the data (using anencryption key from the EMM server 2550), and returns the data to theapplication 2522.

In the case of write operations 2512, the management policy-awareinterception layer 2520 inspects the type of data to be written andconsults the management policy 2522 a. If the management policy 2522 aspecifies that the identified type of data is to be stored in theprivate application vault 2522 b, the management policy-awareinterception layer 2520 encrypts the data and stores the data in theprivate application vault 2522 b. However, if the management policy 2522a specifies that the identified type of data is to be stored in theshared data vault 2542, the management policy-aware interception layer2520 encrypts the data and stores the data in the shared data vault2542.

Reference is made again to FIGS. 26-27. In some embodiments, a mobiledevice 2620 can include a secure document container 2636, which can bereferred to as a “container.” As explained herein, the container 2636can help prevent the spread of enterprise information to differentapplications and components of the mobile device 2620, as well as toother devices. The enterprise system (which can be partially or entirelywithin the cloud) can transmit documents to the devices 2620, which canbe stored (e.g., by the enterprise agent 2620) within the container2636. The container 2636 can prevent unauthorized applications 2618 andother components of the device 2620 from accessing information withinthe container 2636. For enterprises that allow users to use their ownmobile devices 2620 for accessing, storing, and using enterprise data,providing containers 2636 on the devices 2620 helps to secure theenterprise data. For instance, providing containers 2636 on the devices2620 can centralize enterprise data in one location on each device 2620,and can facilitate selective or complete deletion of enterprise datafrom the device 2620.

As used in this context, a “document” can comprise any computer-readablefile including text, audio, video, and/or other types of information ormedia. A document can comprise any single one or combination of thesemedia types.

The secure document container 2636 can compose an application thatimplements a file system 2638 that stores documents and/or other typesof files. The file system 2638 can comprise a portion of acomputer-readable memory of the mobile device 2620. The file system 2638can be logically separated from other portions of the computer-readablememory of the mobile device 2620. In this way, enterprise data can bestored in secure document container 2636 and private data can be storedin a separate portion of the computer-readable memory of the mobiledevice 2620. The container 2636 can allow the enterprise agent 2620,mobile device applications 2618 and/or other components of the device2620 to read from, write to, and/or delete information from the filesystem 2638 (if authorized to do so). Deleting data from the container2636 can include deleting actual data stored in the container 2636,deleting pointers to data stored in the container 2636, deletingencryption keys used to decrypt data stored in the container 2636, andthe like. The container 2636 can be installed by, e.g., the agent 2620,IT administrators of the enterprise system, or the device 2620manufacturer. The container 2636 can enable some or all of theenterprise data stored in the file system 2638 to be deleted withoutmodifying private data stored on the mobile device 2620 outside of thecontainer 2636. The file system 2638 can facilitate selective orcomplete deletion of data from the file system 2638. For example, acomponent of the enterprise system can delete data from the file system2638 based on, e.g., encoded rules. In some embodiments, the agent 2620deletes the data from the file system 2638, in response to receiving adeletion command from the enterprise system. In other embodiments, thedata is deleted without the assistance of the agent 2620, for example ifan agent 2620 is not provided.

The secure document container 2636 can comprise an access manager 2640that governs access to the file system by applications 2618 and othercomponents of the mobile device 2620. Access to the file system 2638 canbe governed based on document access management policies (e.g., encodedrules) stored in the documents and/or the file system 2638. A documentaccess management policy can limit access to the file system 2638 basedon (1) which application 2618 or other component of the device 2620 isrequesting access, (2) which documents are being requested, (3) time ordate, (4) geographical position of the device 2620, (5) whether therequesting application 2618 or other component provides a correctcertificate or credentials, (6) whether the user of the device 2620provides correct credentials, (7) other conditions, or any combinationthereof A user's credentials can comprise, for example, a password, oneor more answers to security questions (e.g., What is the mascot of yourhigh school?), biometric information (e.g., fingerprint scan, eye-scan,etc.), and the like. Hence, by using the access manager 2640, thecontainer 2636 can be configured to be accessed only by applications2618 that are authorized to access the container 2636. As one example,the access manager 2640 can enable enterprise applications installed onthe mobile device 2620 to access data stored in the container 2636 andto prevent non-enterprise applications from accessing the data stored inthe container 2636.

Temporal and geographic restrictions on document access may be useful.For example, an enterprise administrator may deploy a document accessmanagement policy that restricts the availability of the documents(stored within the container 2636) to a specified time window and/or ageographic zone (e.g., as determined by a GPS chip 2616) within whichthe device 2620 must reside in order to access the documents. Further,the document access management policy can instruct the container 2636 oragent 2620 to delete the documents from the container 2636 or otherwisemake them unavailable when the specified time period expires or if themobile device 2620 is taken outside of the defined geographic zone.

Some documents can have access management policies that forbid thedocument from being saved within the secure document container 2636. Insuch embodiments, the document can be available for viewing on themobile device 2620 only when the user is logged in to the enterprisesystem.

The access manager 2640 can also be configured to enforce certain modesof connectivity between remote devices (e.g., an enterprise resource orother enterprise server) and the container 2636. For example, the accessmanager 2640 can require that documents received by the container 2636from a remote device and/or sent from the container 2636 to the remotedevice be transmitted through application tunnels, for example, asdescribed above. Such application tunnels can use the tunneling mediatorof the enterprise system. The access manager 2640 can require that alldocuments transmitted to and from the container 2636 be encrypted. Theenterprise agent 2620 or access manager 2640 can be configured toencrypt documents sent from the container 2636 and decrypt documentssent to the container 2636. Documents in the container 2636 can also bestored in an encrypted form.

The secure document container 2636 can be configured to preventdocuments or data included within documents from being used byunauthorized applications or components of the mobile device 2620 orother devices. For instance, a mobile device application 2618 havingauthorization to access documents from the container 2636 can beprogrammed to prevent a user from copying a document's data and pastingit into another file or application interface, or locally saving thedocument or document data as a new file outside of the container 2636.Similarly, the container 2636 can include a document viewer and/oreditor that does not permit such copy/paste and local save operations.Moreover, the access manager 2640 can be configured to prevent suchcopy/past and local save operations. Further, the container 2636 andapplications 2618 programmed and authorized to access documents from thecontainer 2636 can be configured to prevent users from attaching suchdocuments to emails or other forms of communication.

A mobile device application 2618 can be programmed to lookup and findthe secure document container 2636 (or a secure web browser 2632,described below, that includes the container 2636) as a resource of themobile device 2620. In certain embodiments, the application 2618 can runin a secure virtual machine separate from a virtual machine of anoperating system of the mobile device 2620. According to some otherembodiments, the application can run within the secure web browser 2632.An application 2618 can be programmed to write enterprise-related dataonly into the container 2636. For instance, the application's 2618source code can be provided with the resource name of the container2636. Similarly, a remote application (e.g., an enterprise resource2430) can be configured to send data or documents only to the containers2636 of one or more mobile devices 2620 (as opposed to other componentsor memory locations of the devices 2620). Storing data to the container2636 can occur automatically, for example, under control of theapplication 2618, the enterprise agent 2620, or the web browser 2632. Anapplication 2618 can be programmed to encrypt or decrypt documentsstored or to be stored within the container 2636. In certainembodiments, the container 2636 can only be used by applications (on thedevice 2620 or remote) that are programmed to look for and use thecontainer 2636, and which have authorization to do so.

The secure document container 2636 can serve as a temporary repositoryfor documents and other files sent to the mobile device 2620. Remoteapplications can be configured to send documents to the container 2636(e.g., via application tunnels) on a onetime or periodic basis. Forexample, a sales-related enterprise resource 130 can be programmed tosend sales-related documents (e.g., most recent price sheets) everymorning to the containers 2636 of a team of users having sales-relatedroles (e.g., sales persons). The sales-related documents can havedocument access management policies such that the documents will“self-destruct” (e.g., be automatically deleted from the container2636—the deletion being performed by, e.g., the container 2636 itself orthe enterprise agent 2620) at a certain time or at the expiration of atime period beginning at a defined event (e.g., the user's opening of adocument). Document distribution management policies (e.g., encodedrules) can be provided (e.g., within the mobile device managementsystem) to control when and how remote applications (e.g., enterpriseresources) send documents to the containers 2636, to which users thedocuments are sent, what restrictions (e.g., temporal or geographicrestrictions) are placed on the use and availability of the documents(e.g., in the form of document access management policies as describedabove), etc.

Remote applications that send documents to one or more secure documentcontainers 2636 of mobile devices 2620 can be configured to integratewith other repositories, for the purpose of sending documents from suchrepositories to the containers 2636. Such other repositories can bestored, for example, within the enterprise system (e.g., enterprisedocument repositories such as a Microsoft Sharepoint™ repository) or ina cloud computing system (e.g., a Box.net™ repository).

EMM solutions have traditionally taken the approach of managing entiremobile devices through mobile device management (MDM) servers.Increasingly EMM solutions are focusing on a mobile applicationmanagement solution that seeks only to manage the enterpriseapplications and their associated data which may be installed andrunning on an employee's mobile device. Such systems generally userole-based access to provision specially prepared enterprise apps thatare specifically designed to protect corporate assets. Such applicationsoften require employees to logon to corporate servers in order to accessthe managed applications. Additionally, such applications may beassociated with management policies established by an enterpriseadministrator to control application access while also seeking toprotect and control information held by the application.

One of the biggest challenges in managing enterprise applications on anotherwise unmanaged mobile devices is ensuring that information used bythe managed application cannot escape from the set of trusted enterpriseapplications that IT administrators make available to their enterpriseusers. Information can escape in any number of ways, and a robust EMMsystem will provide management policies and enforcement mechanisms toprevent such information leakage where IT administrators deem it properand to provide management policy overrides, where appropriate. However,even with a robust set of information containment management policies,there are other threats to the security of the information managed byapplications on mobile devices.

One such threat is that applications may store some informationpersistently on the mobile device by writing files or other data intothe flash memory or other persistent storage on the device. Most mobileplatforms will segregate persistent data recorded by applications intoprivate application sandboxes. However this sandboxing is triviallydefeated with common tools capable of rooting or jail-breaking thedevice. Rooting and jail-breaking are techniques that seek to replaceparts of the mobile device operating system platform often with goal ofdefeating app sandboxing, app integrity checks, and other OS providedsecurity mechanisms. Rootkits and jail-breaking software for mostpopular mobile platforms are readily available on the public Internetand easy to use. Since rooting and jail-breaking are so easy toaccomplish, most enterprises do not wish to rely on mobile device OSenforced sandbox as the only means of protecting data that anapplication may need to persist.

Some mobile device platforms additionally allow information to beencrypted in its persistent form and some applications do take advantageof these features. Invariably, such encryption mechanisms rely on theencryption keys being held on the device itself with the keys themselvesprotected by a user supplied PIN or passcode. The fact that the keys areheld on the device and protected by weak cryptographic factors meansthat the data is not particularly well protected from hacking,particularly if a device is stolen and hacker has ample time to try tounlock the keys. Also, since the keys are in possession of the deviceholder, an enterprise is powerless to remove them or revoke access for aterminated employee unless they can recover the device.

Another issue with app sandboxing that occurs on mobile platforms isthat it is problematic to have a single repository of documents that areavailable to all managed applications on the mobile device andpotentially synced offline to cloud based storage. Mobile applicationswork around the sandbox limits in various ways, all of which havedrawbacks. Often, they will exchange files of certain fixed types withother applications that have registered to accept certain those sametypes. The drawback here is that one ends up with multiple copies of aparticular file in each app's sandbox. If one or more apps wish to editthe file content, keeping track of which app has latest versions isproblematic for users.

One can overcome the issue highlighted above if users are trained toalways send their modified documents back to a common sync agentapplication which might also be charged with syncing documents to/fromcloud based storage. The Citrix ShareFile® mobile application is anexample of an application that permits this sort of data exchange withcloud-based sync. The drawback here is that these extra steps are easyto forget. Also, they are not required when using equivalent desktopapplications that operate on the notion of shared documents folders forall applications. These two facts can lead to data file consistencyissues and poor user experience if users are not properly trained.

Another approach to this problem is to save the files that one wishes toshare into shared storage on those mobile platforms that support thisconcept. This has the downside that shared storage is world readable andtherefore shared with all applications. Once information is placed intoshared storage, containment of the information is lost since anyapplication on mobile device can read it. Also the data can trivially beaccessed by anyone who gains physical access to the device usingstandard file viewers and development tools.

The challenges of information containment and sharing of documentsbetween trusted applications that are highlighted above are overcome byintroducing the concept of an encrypted file vault. An encrypted filevault is a logical container into which all persistent data read/writtenby a mobile application (which would otherwise end up in a writeablefile in the app sandbox) will be redirected. The contents of the vaultare themselves written into file(s) held inside an app sandbox. But thecontents of all files and the file metadata itself (name, size, accesstimes, etc.) are all encrypted.

Strong encryption algorithms (e.g. FIPS 140-2 certified) are used toprotect all information placed into the vault with keys that are managedby the enterprise rather than the users themselves. Keys would typicallybe assigned based on a tuple of user, device, and application or appgroup. That implies that distinct key sets are used each uniquecombination of user, device, and application/app group. The keys aremaintained off device in an enterprise key management server. The keysmay be downloaded temporarily to the mobile device to enable dataaccess, but only after strongly authenticating the user, device, andapplication in question.

An application can certainly be written in such a way that it is awareof the presence of file vault services. Applications written with thisawareness can utilize any number of file vaults, which they can identifyexplicitly with vault name identifiers. However applications will notalways be written with such awareness. Correspondingly, administratordefined management policies can be used to configure a default filevault for each application. The default file vault of an application isused for the transparent redirection of all application file I/O thatwould otherwise end up in a writable portion of the application sandboxor shared storage.

The typical mechanism for assigning apps to a default file vaultdictates that the administrator place each configured mobile applicationinto a named security group by management policy. Then all applicationsthat share the same security group inherit the same default file vault.In this manner, applications not only gain the security of the encryptedcontainer for their data, but apps configured with the same default filevault will see a single consistent view of their data shared with othersimilarly configured file applications.

It should be noted that not all writable areas in the app sandbox areappropriate for sharing with other applications, for example theapplication's /tmp directory. The implication here is that there isalways an app private file vault that would be used to hold certainfiles and directories. If the app is not configured into a shared group,then all files are redirected to the app private vault. However if anapp were configured into shared group, documents and other such fileswould be redirected to the common vault but files designated for specialprivate directories like /tmp would continue to flow to the app'sprivate vault.

It should also be noted that the notion of a shared file vault doesimply the existence of a common broker that manages the shared files onbehalf of all applications. Without such a broker, one would not be ableto share files transparently. While such a broker could be anetwork-attached service that does not exist on the mobile deviceitself, such a design would preclude offline access to the encryptedfile vault. For this reason, another application installed on the mobiledevice will generally serve this role. An EMM client agent like theCitrix client agent mobile application would be the typical host of thisshared vault broker.

The above-described technique thus offers the unique combination oftransparent file access, strong encryption with keys managed by theenterprise, and dynamic reconfiguration of the vaults by managementpolicy.

Enterprises may create (or adapt) their native mobile applications usingtools and SDKs associated with the enterprise mobility management (EMM)solution they have chosen to deploy. In preparing their app for EMMdeployment, they certainly have the freedom to (re)write specificapplication logic to utilize encrypted file vault services exposed bythe EMM developer SDK as needed for their application. However, mostoften, an application will already be written to use standard filesystem APIs of the platform for which they were developed. As such, itis far more convenient for the application developer if the EMM SDK andtools can transparently redirect these native file access services toone or more file vaults dictated by administrative management policyrather than rewriting their application. This approach also allows anadministrator to reconfigure targeted file vaults without directlymodifying and recompiling the application.

When taking this approach, the application developer need not worryabout the specifics of how to interface with the native file vaultservices. Instead, by integrating the header files, libraries, andrun-time support of the EMM system framework code with the application,all file system APIs called by the application will be redirected to amanagement policy-aware interception layer. Assuming the encrypted filevault feature is configured, then based on the management policies inforce for the current user, device, and app, a set of default filevaults will be selected and the file system API interception layer willbe configured to target them.

After preparing the application for the specific EMM system, the managedapplication is uploaded to the EMM server for the purpose of publishingthe application for the enterprise users to consume. As part of this apppublishing workflow, an IT administrator will choose management policiesand settings that apply to the application and associated user roles.Once uploaded and configured, the applications is made available toorganization's employees to peruse and install based on their rolewithin the organization. Alternatively, such applications can be pusheddirectly to mobile devices for employees who have enrolled their devicewith a corporate MDM server.

When a user executes a managed application on the mobile device, theuser is typically challenged to authenticate their corporate identityalong with passwords and other factors as dictated by corporatemanagement policy. After having strongly authenticated the user, device,and application, the access manager components of the system verifiesthat the user is entitled to the application and downloads theconfigured management policies for this specific app and user.

Based on those management policies, the EMM framework that is deliveredwith the managed app configures itself. It will select one or moredefault file vaults to use and configure the file system APIinterception layer to target the selected vaults. If a configured filevault does not already exist, a new empty vault is initialized. Thisensures that a change in file vault management policies that wouldselect a not-previously-used vault will appear to the application as ifit had been recently installed (e.g. empty writable directories).

As the application begins to utilize the file system APIs, the filesystem API interception layer looks for file accesses that intersect thewritable portions of the app sandbox or shared storage. Such files areflagged and tracked by the file system interception layer such that allsubsequent file I/O is passed through encryption/decryption before beingplaced into the real file container that holds the data.

In order to accomplish this encryption, the required keys first need tobe recovered. These are retrieved from the key management server andcached locally. If this is the first access to the protected files in along time, the user will be forced to do a strong authentication bylogging on to the EMM server. Periodically these keys will need to berefreshed as dictated by the time to live management policy setting forthe keys. When refreshing, as long as user has maintains an active logonwith EMM server, this refreshing of keys can occur without userinteraction. If user logs off or their logon session expires, then therefreshing of keys will need to be strongly authenticated again.

When the file vault is private to the application, the file vaultservices layer directly uses the mobile platform's file I/O functions toread and write encrypted version of the data. Also, all file directoryaccess functions are also similarly intercepted such that the real filenames and sizes can be obscured.

To support random access to any range of bytes within an encrypted file,a scheme that uses encrypted blocks is may be used. For this to work,the keys used to encrypt/decrypt each of the file block are derivedmathematically from base keys and the file/block offset. Similarly,different files will use initialization vectors for the cryptography aswell. These techniques represent sound and reasonably standard practicesfor the encoding encrypted file volumes using a single set ofcryptographic keys.

For efficiency, the system may read ahead or delay writing of data toencrypted data content as necessary to optimize application performance.Delayed write of encrypted data must be flushed prior to closing filesor exiting the application.

When the file vault is to be shared with another application, the sameprocesses described above are used, but they must occur in a common filesystem repository under the control of common file system brokerapplication. The implication is that when the file system interceptionlayer is operating on shared file vault, the file vault services willoperate not by directly reading/writing encrypted data, but rather byredirected these services via remote procedure call mechanism to thebrokering application. Within the brokering application, the same localfile vault services used for private vault files are utilized for theshared vault content.

There are certainly other possible designs for implementing sharedvaults. For example, one can use shared storage coupled withinter-process synchronization mechanisms to coordinate access. But inany workable design, the key factor to be noted is that same underlyingencrypted file vault services are used to encrypt the actual file dataregardless of where the encrypted data will be retained or howconcurrent access to it coordinated.

By providing strong and transparent file encryption services with keysmanaged by enterprise servers, security of information held and storedlocally by managed mobile applications can be made secure without theneed to rewrite applications to use new file access paradigms.

Adding the notion a management policy directed file vault configurationthat permits multiple applications to be bound to the same default filevaults further permits secure sharing of documents between properlyconfigured managed applications.

The architecture described in this specification can be used by acorporation or other enterprise to flexibly implement a managementpolicy, such as a corporate owned device, BYOD (bring your own device)management policy, for allowing enterprise users to use their mobiledevices to securely access enterprise resources (documents, confidentialdata, corporate application and database servers, etc.). This isaccomplished through various security features that, for example, enablethe enterprise to specify and implement management policies forcontrolling mobile device accesses to particular enterprise resources.The management policies may, for example, control mobile device accessesto enterprise resources based on a variety of criteria, such as the roleof the respective user (e.g., which department the user is in), theconfiguration of the mobile device (e.g., whether any blacklisted mobileapplications are installed), the logged behaviors of the user, thelocation of the mobile device, and/or the time at which access to theenterprise resource is requested. The architecture further enhancessecurity, in some embodiments, by creating application tunnels thatenable enterprise mobile applications to securely communicate over anetwork with the enterprise system. The architecture may also enable ITstaff to selectively (and remotely) wipe a user's mobile device ofenterprise application(s) and corporate data when, for example, the userdiscontinues employment or violates a corporate management policy (suchas if they jailbreak their device or otherwise use it in a disallowedconfiguration).

The use of passcodes (or other types of authentication information) forenterprise applications reduces the likelihood that enterprise resourceswill be improperly accessed when, for example, the mobile device is lostor stolen, or when the mobile device is used by an employee's childrento play games. In some embodiments, the secure launcher (or anothercomponent installed on the mobile device) further reduces this risk byperforming a selective wipe of the mobile device when, for example, theuser attempts but fails to enter a valid passcode a threshold number ofconsecutive times (e.g., 5 or 10). The selective wipe operation deletessome or all of the enterprise applications and associated data from themobile device, without deleting any personal applications or data. Insome embodiments, the enterprise's IT department can initiate aselective wipe of a particular mobile device by remotely issuing a wipecommand to the device.

In some embodiments, when a selective wipe operation is performed, someor all of the documents and data stored in the secure container aredeleted from the mobile device or are otherwise made inaccessible.

In another example, a meta-application can be configured to creategateway rules based at least partly on the time(s) at which a mobiledevice was “wiped” (e.g., deletion of some or all data stored on thedevice or removal of software application(s) from the device).

A system and process will now be described for enabling non-developers,such as members of a company's IT department, to add to or otherwisemodify the behaviors of an existing mobile application, such as anAndroid, iOS, or Windows Mobile application. The system and process canbe used, as one example, to create different versions of a mobileapplication (with different privileges, access rights, etc.) based on auser's role within the enterprise. For instance, different versions ofthe mobile application can be created for different job categories(e.g., executive, non-executive employee, intern, etc.) and/or differentdepartments (sales, IT, human resources, etc.). The processes describedin this section can be implemented in an application modification or“wrapping” tool or utility that is made available to enterprises thatuse the disclosed system. This utility may, for example, be hosted on aserver (e.g., as a web service) that is accessible to enterprises, ormay be provided to the enterprises (e.g., as a PC application).

In a typical use case scenario, the mobile application to be modified isa custom application developed for a particular enterprise. However,this need not be the case. For example, the disclosed system and processare also applicable to commercially available mobile applicationsavailable in app stores. The mobile applications can be modified withoutbeing specially written to support or enable such modifications. Forexample, the developer need not include any special code orfunctionality in the application to enable or facilitate themodifications, and need not be involved in the disclosed process ofmodifying the application.

The behaviors that are modified typically include or consist ofbehaviors that involve standard API calls or classes. The following areexamples of some of the types of behaviors that can be added or modifiedvia the disclosed process:

A mobile application can be modified to enable an enterprise to remotelyinitiate deletion of the application's data on a particular mobiledevice of a particular employee, without affecting other users of theapplication. As mentioned above, such selective wipe operations may alsobe executed when, for example, a user fails to enter a valid enterprisepasscode a threshold number of times.

Additional code may be added, if applicable, to implement one or morefeatures or behaviors that do not require the replacement of anyexisting API calls. As one example, code may be added for enabling anauthorized administrator to remotely trigger the deletion, on auser-specific or mobile device specific basis, of the application's datastored on a particular mobile device. In this example, the code addedwould add functionality for receiving and processing a messagecontaining a command to perform such a selective wipe or deletionoperation.

Single Sign-On Access and Identity Management

FIG. 28 depicts an illustrative system having a client device 2805, aproxy device 2810, resource(s) 2820, and/or authentication service(s)2815. FIG. 29 depicts an illustrative detailed view of the client device2805 and proxy device 2810. These elements may implement one or moreaspects described herein. A brief summary of these aspects will now beprovided, with additional examples provided below. The client device2805 may communicate with one or more resources 2820 and/orauthentication services 2815 using a proxy device 2810. In some aspects,the client device 2805 might not be configured to communicate directlywith the resources 2820 and/or authentication services 2815. Forexample, the client device 2805 and resources 2820 may use differentauthentication and/or communication protocols. The proxy device 2810 maytranslate between these different protocols. Additionally oralternatively, the proxy device 2810 may provide additional benefits, aswill be described in the examples below.

The client device 2805 may send a request for resources 2820, such asdocuments, emails, services, files, and the like, to the proxy device2810. The proxy device 2810 may forward the request to the resource2820, and in response, authentication between the proxy device 2810 andresource 2820 may be initiated. At one or more points during theauthentication, the resource 2820 may request a signature, such as froma client certificate. The proxy device 2810 might not directly haveaccess to the client certificate, so the proxy device 2810 may involvethe client device 2805 in the authentication process, such as if theclient device 2805 controls access to the client certificate. Forexample, the proxy device 2810 may request that the client device 2805sign or decrypt an authentication message using the client certificate(or a private key included therein), or return a list of availablesecurity certificates or a selection by the user of a particularsecurity certificate.

The proxy device 2810 may provide the client device 2805 with contextinformation that identifies the authentication session between the proxydevice 2810 and the resource/authentication server. For example and aswill be described in further detail in the examples below, the contextinformation may identify a data structure of authentication informationexchanged (or to be exchanged) between the proxy device 2810 andresource 2820 and/or the proxy device 2810 and the authenticationservice 2815. The client device 2805 may use the context information toverify or otherwise confirm the authentication session between the proxydevice 2810 and the resource/authentication server. Once the contextinformation is verified, the client device 2805 may provide therequested signature to the proxy device 2810, and the proxy device 2810may complete authentication with the resource 2820 and/or theauthentication service 2815. Then, the proxy device 2810 may retrievethe resource requested by the client device 2805 and provide it to theclient device 2805.

The client device 2805 may comprise any of an end point device, clientcomputers 107 or 109, terminals 240, client computers 411-414, mobiledevice 502, mobile device 602, or any other device. For example, themobile device may comprise any of a smartphone, a tablet, and the like.One or more applications may be running on the client device 2805. Anapplication may desire to access a protected resource, such as anenterprise resource, and a module included in the application (or otherapplications) may facilitate access to those protected resources. Forexample and with reference to FIG. 29, an application running on theclient device 2805 may send a request for a resource (e.g., an HTTPrequest) to MAMP Framework 2905, which may facilitate communicationswith the proxy device 2810. In some aspects, the MAMP Framework 2905 mayrun as a privileged application on the client device 2805. The MAMPFramework 2905 may comprise all of or a portion of the functionalitiesprovided by the MAMP framework 614, as previously described.

The client device 2805 may also have a PKOperation SDK module 2910 thatfacilitates access to a keystore 2915 that stores one or more clientcertificates that may be used to sign for authentication purposes. Forexample, the client device 2805 may authorize access to or havepossession of client certificate representing the user of the clientdevice 2805. In some aspects, the certificate may be anenterprise-issued certificate. The certificate may be bound to aphysical smart card having a cryptographic module. In other words, thecryptographic secret may be confined to the smart card. The user mayauthorize the client device 2805 to access the smart card protectedcertificate. Alternatively, the certificate may be bound to a virtualsmart card, which may use hardware and/or software modules to protectthe key. The client device 2805 and/or a removable hardware module ofthe client device 2805 may be authorized by a provisioning process tostore the certificate and private key. The user may be required to entera PIN code using the client device 2805 to authorize operationsinvolving the client certificate private key. Another external deviceseparate from the client device 2805 (e.g., another smartphone) maycontrol the certificate, and the client device 2805 may utilize a customreader interface to access the certificate controlled by the externaldevice.

In some embodiments, the client certificate and/or private key might beconfined to the client device 2805 or to a physical smart card.Accordingly, the client device 2805 may maintain control of the key. Ifauthentication using the key is required, the client device 2805 mayneed to be involved in the authentication process. This allows theclient device 2805 to have assurance that operations performed with thecertificate private key are ones that the client device 2805 intended.Some organizations may use smart cards to achieve non-repudiation forcertain operations, which may require users to have authority over alluses of a certificate issued by the organization. For example, documentsigning may require explicit user authority, whereas authentication tocertain systems might not require explicit user authority. Suitablemechanism(s) for providing such assurance may depend on the nature ofthe resource being accessed, the proxy device involved, and how theclient device 2805 operates.

The proxy device 2810 may comprise one or more of a server (e.g.,servers 201, 206, 301, 410), computing device, access gateway 560,gateway server 606, or any other device. The proxy device 2810 mayfacilitate communications between the client device 2805 and enterpriseresources or other networks. For example, a user of the client device2805 may wish to access enterprise resources that requireauthentication, and the proxy device 2810 may mediate access. The clientdevice 2805 may use the proxy device 2810 to access resource if, forexample, the client device 2805 is not able to directly access theresources. For example, the client device 2805 might not be configuredfor a protocol utilized by the enterprise resources. In some aspects,the enterprise resource may implement Kerberos with PKINIT forauthentication, but the client device 2805 might not implement Kerberoswith PKINIT. Similarly, the enterprise resource may implement SSL withclient certificate authentication, but the client device 2805 might notimplement SSL with client certificate authentication. Instead, theclient device 2805 and proxy device 2810 may communicate using aprotocol having standard components and fitting well-knownauthentication frameworks. The proxy device 2810 may translate between afirst protocol to the resource (e.g., Kerberos or SSL) and a second,different protocol to the client device 2805 (e.g., HTTP or HTTPS). Byutilizing the proxy device 2810, client devices might not need tounderstand and operate a complex or different protocol used by theenterprise resource. In these examples, the proxy device 2810 may playthe client role. However, the proxy device 2810 might not have controlof the client certificate private key.

The proxy device 2810 may be used to facilitate access to resources inother circumstances, such as if the client device 2805 is not permittedto directly access the resources, if access capabilities of the clientdevice 2805 are limited, and/or if the proxy device 2810 enhances accessby improving performance or offering a preferable interface. The proxydevice 2810 may also facilitate enhanced security. For example, Kerberosresource authentication may require obtaining service tickets fromKerberos KDCs (e.g., Active Directory domain controllers). However, theKDCs themselves may comprise sensitive enterprise resources that shouldnot be directly accessible to some client devices. For these cases.Kerberos authentication may require use of a trusted proxy device 2810.As another example, the proxy device 2810 may be a hardenedcommunication gateway deployed in the DMZ network of an enterprise. Toprovide extra security benefits, the proxy device 2810 may be able toinspect communications being proxied to enterprise resources, ratherthan allowing a transparent end to end communication flow between theclient device 2805 and the enterprise resources as if the proxy device2810 were not present. That is, the proxy device 2810 may have knowledgeof what resources the client device 2805 is using and the protocols theclient device 2805 utilizes. As will be discussed in further detail inthe examples below, the proxy device 2810 may also provide, to theclient device 2805, context information that identifies one or moreaspects of the authentication session between the proxy device 2810 andan authentication service 2815 and/or resource 2820. The client device2805 may use this context information to determine whether or not tosign data provided by the proxy device 2810 that requires a signature.

With reference to FIG. 29, the proxy device 2810 may include a packetengine 2920, which may be a hardware module and/or software module. Thepacket engine 2920 may facilitate communications with the client device2805 and/or the resource. The proxy device 2810 may also include asession cache 2925. As will be described in further in the examplesbelow, the session cache 2925 may store a session key and/or ticket(e.g., for Kerberos sessions) to enable communications between the proxydevice 2810 and one or more resources or servers storing the resources.The proxy device 2810 may include a client-side authentication module2930 configured to manage authentication with the client device 2805,such as obtaining a signature from the client device 2805. For Kerberosauthentication, the client-side authentication module 2930 may comprisea PKINIT module (which may be referred to as a likewise daemon) thatimplements the client side of the public key form of the Kerberosauthentication protocol (e.g., a PKINIT protocol). For example, thiscould be the kinit command line program that is available from opensource implementations of Kerberos.

The proxy device 2810 may also include a library module 2935 (e.g., aPKOperation Proxy SDK 2935) used by the client-side authenticationmodule 2930 to abstract details for accessing the client certificateprivate key. For Kerberos, a PKOperation Proxy SDK 2935 that implementsa PKCS#11 API specification for accessing client certificates bound tosmart cards may be used. The PKOperation Proxy SDK 2935 may implementportions of PKCS#11 and package the relevant certificate operations intoa form that can be remoted to the client device 2805. By using thePKCS#11 API, the Kerberos implementation, which may comprise a standardKerberos implementation, such as MIT, need not be modified. This makesit easier to maintain the Kerberos product, such as if security fixesare made to the product. The packet engine 2920, session cache 2925,client-side authentication module 2930, and PKOperation Proxy SDK 2935may comprise hardware and/or software modules, and the operations thatthey may perform will be described in further detail in the examplesbelow. In some aspects, the proxy device 2810 may comprise one or moreprocessor and memory storing computer-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the proxy device 2810 to provide thepacket engine 2920, session cache 2925, client-side authenticationmodule 2930, and PKOperation Proxy SDK 2935 and/or to perform theoperations of the packet engine 2920, session cache 2925, client-sideauthentication module 2930, and PKOperation Proxy SDK 2935.

The client device 2805 and the proxy device 2810 may communicate using astandard framework, such as an HTTP framework. In some aspects and aswill be described in the examples below, the client device 2805 andproxy device 2810 may exchange one or more authentication messages. Theymay exchange HTTP status codes, such as HTTP 401 codes for requestingauthentication, and/or challenge-response messages. In some embodiments,if the client device 2805 which receives a 401 authentication challengedoes not support secured exchange of client private certificates, theclient device 2805 may recognize the 401 message as an authenticationchallenge that the client device 2805 does not understand. The clientdevice 2805 may react with the appropriate error handling behavior, suchas displaying a message to the user that an operation could not becompleted because the client device 2805 does not support securedexchange of client private certificates. The HTTP level encoding tosupport public key operation remoting may be relatively simple. ThePacket Engine 2920 and the MAMP Framework 2905 may process the HTTPlevel encoding. Communications may be structure similar to the HTTPNegotiate authentication scheme described in RFC 4559, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Base64 encoded blobsmay be exchanged back and forth between the client device and proxydevice using WWW-Authenticate and/or Authorization headers. The blobsmay be generated and processed at each device by the respectivePKOperation SDKs (810, 2935).

In some embodiments, components in the communication path between theclient device 2805 and the proxy device 2810 that are HTTP aware mightnot interface with the authentication process. For example, an HTTPproxy server between the client device 2805 and the proxy device 2810may be aware that the connection to the proxy device 2810 should not bereused to send requests from other client devices and/or users.Furthermore, caching of any HTTP data returned from the proxy device2810 should be correctly scoped so that the data is not sent to anotherclient device.

In some aspects, authentication between the client device 2805 and proxydevice 2810 may utilize a standard authentication framework, such as webauthentication or Generic Security Services Application ProgramInterface (GSSAPI) with a custom mechanism. Objects may be transmittedfrom the proxy device 2810 to the client device 2805. The client device2805 may process the objects and validate them by standard cryptographicmechanisms, such as certificate path validation with a name check.

A specialized communication channel between the client device 2805 andproxy device 2810 may be created. For example, the specializedcommunication channel may be used to relay certificate operationrequests and results. Utilizing the specialized communication channelmay provide extra cryptographic protection beyond that provided by astandard SSL channel between the client device 2805 and the proxy device2810. This may be appropriate given the sensitivity of the inputs andoutputs of the cryptographic operations being remoted. In some examples,a Diffie-Hellman key exchange between the client device 2805 and theproxy device 2810 may occur. The exchange may provide mutualauthentication between client device 2805 and proxy device 2810. In someembodiments, mutual authentication may already have been establishedprior to a resource access request by the client device 2805. Channelbinding, as described in RFC5929, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety, may be used to cryptographically link thespecialized communication channel to an outer SSL session. With briefreference to FIG. 29, setting up the specialized communication channelfor data, such as PK operation payloads, may utilize multiple exchangesbetween the client device 2805 and the Packet Engine 2920. This may beopaque to everything except the PKOperation SDK 2910 and PKOperationProxy SDK 2935.

One reason for providing extra protection via the specializedcommunication channel is that SSL, in practice, may be terminated by anetworking device, such as an offload device, in front of the proxydevice 2810. Offload devices may be optimized for SSL connectionprocessing, such as by using specialized hardware for accelerating CPUintensive operations involved in SSL connections. The hardware modulemay also be certified to meet commercially important cryptographicprocessing standards, such as the Federal Information ProcessingStandard (e.g., FIPS-140). Another reason for providing extra protectionis that an inspection device may be given access to the SSL certificatekey in order to decode communications. The inspection device maycomprise a security device designed to monitor network traffic forcompliance with security management policies, such as by detectingattempts to send confidential information outside of a trusted networkzone, or attempts to communicate with untrusted or unauthorized servers.Some of these inspection devices may be configured to impersonate otherservers during SSL connection handshakes, in order to prevent theinspection process from being foiled by the use of encryptedcommunication channels. Using the specialized communication channel mayprevent unnecessary and/or inappropriate exposure of sensitive data tothe offload device and/or inspection device. Accordingly,non-repudiation properties expected from using smart card equivalentclient certificates may be protected. For example, the specializedcommunication channel may prevent the data to be signed from beingmodified by external devices and/or leaks of decrypted data.

The specialized communication channel may be implemented in many ways.For example and as previously noted, a custom GSSAPI mechanism operatinginside a standard HTTP authentication protocol may be utilized. Thisimplementation provides several non-exclusive benefits. First, the proxydevice 2810 may indicates to the client device 2805 in a standard way(e.g., HTTP) that authentication to a resource and/or authenticationserver is required to complete the requested resource access. Second, anarbitrary binary protocol may be conducted between the client device2805 and the proxy device 2810, with multiple rounds if necessary.Third, the implementation allows for secure communication mechanisms tobe negotiated and applied to transfer data in a standard way (e.g., atthe GSSAPI level). In some implementations, the custom GSSAPI mechanismoperating inside a standard HTTP authentication protocol can also allowfor a platform implementation of GSSAPI to be used with a custommechanism being added, such as the MICROSOFT NegoEx mechanism.

Referring to FIG. 28, one or more authentication service 2815 (or serverrunning the authentication service 2815) may exist. Authenticationservice 2815 may implement one or more types of authentication,including Kerberos or SSL. The aspects described herein may beimplemented for any authentication protocol that involves clientcertificate private key operations. For example, for Kerberos, theauthentication server may be tasked with issuing tickets, includingticket granting tickets and/or session tickets. The authenticationserver may communicate with the proxy device 2810 over one or morechannels. Furthermore, the one or more channels may use a communicationprotocol different from the communication protocol used by the clientdevice 2805 to communicate with the proxy device 2810. In some aspects,the authentication services 2815 might remain unchanged, even withimplementation of the aspects described herein. In other words, theauthentication services 2815 may exist in a traditional infrastructure.The authentication services 2815 may include, for example, theauthentication services 558 noted above.

One or more resources 2820 (or servers storing the resources 2820) mayexist. The resource 2820 may communicate with the proxy device 2810using one or more of the same or different protocols as theauthentication server uses to communicate with the proxy device 2810. Insome aspects, the resources might remain unchanged, even withimplementation of the aspects described herein. In other words, theresources may exist in a traditional infrastructure. Non-limitingexamples of resources may include, but are not limited to, fileresources, web resources, mail resources, Sharepoint resources, and thelike. These resources may include Structure Query Language (SQL)databases, remote procedure call (RPC) servers, Distributed ComponentObject Module (DCOM) servers, Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) webservices, Representational State Transfer (REST) web services, and otherproprietary resources that may use GSSAPI or a similar securityframework for authentication. One or more of these resources may bedirectly accessed by internal devices, such as computers on the samenetwork as the resources or in another protected network. The resourcesmay comprise the enterprise resources 504, 508, and/or 608 and/or theenterprise services 508 and/or 609 noted above. Furthermore, theresources may be stored on one or more servers, such as servers 206illustrated in FIG. 2. The resources may be accessed through amulti-tier system. The proxy device 2810 may communicate with afront-end server that may in turn communicate (and authenticate as arequesting user) with a back-end server. Kerberos with unconstraineddelegation may be used for this type of system, and the proxy device2810 may supply a forwarded TGT for the user to the front-end server.

FIGS. 30A-C are flowcharts of example method steps for authenticationand/or providing secured access to resources using a proxy. FIGS. 30A-Cillustrate each step being performed by one of the client device 2805,proxy device 2810, authentication service(s) 2815, and/or resource(s)2820. However, the method steps may be performed by any of the clientdevice 2805, proxy device 2810, authentication service(s) 2815,resource(s) 2820, and/or a combination thereof. As previously noted, theresources 2820 and authentication services 2815 may be provided by thesame server (or group of servers). Alternatively, the resources 2820 andauthentication services 2815 may be provided by different servers (orgroup of servers). For simplicity, some of the method steps areillustrated in FIGS. 30A-C as being performed by a singleresource/authentication service entity (e.g., a server or group ofservers). However, the authentication services may be provided by anauthentication server (or groups of authentication servers) and theresources may be provided by a different server (or group of servers).

In step 3002, the user may be authenticated with the client device 2805.For example, the user may provide credentials, such as a username and/orpassword, to login to the client device 2805.

In step 3004, the client device 2805 may authenticate the proxy device2810. Additionally or alternatively, in step 3006, the proxy device 2810may authenticate the client device 2805. In other words, the clientdevice 2805 and proxy device may perform mutual authentication. Toperform the authentication, the client device 2805 may connect to theproxy device 2810 using SSL with server authentication. The proxy device2810 may request the client device 2805 and/or the user of the clientdevice 2805 to authenticate to the proxy device 2810 before authorizingaccess to the proxy device 2810. In some aspects, the client device 2805may use an enterprise client certificate for this authentication. Theenterprise client certificate may be the same certificate used by theclient device 2805 to sign documents and/or authentication messages, aswill be described in further detail in the examples below.Alternatively, the enterprise client certificate may comprise adifferent certificate. For example, the client device 2805 may havemultiple certificates, each used for a different purpose. If a physicalsmart card is used, the multiple certificates may be stored on the smartcard or different smart cards.

Similarly, the client device 2805 may request authentication of theproxy device 2810 to establish that the proxy device 2810 is a knowntrusted entity and may request identification of resources to which theuser is being authenticated by means of delegated authentication throughthe proxy. The client device 2805 may also authenticate the user of theclient device 2805 to the proxy device 2810, for instance using theclient certificate available to the device as part of the SSL handshake,or by running a separate user authentication protocol inside the SSLconnection, for instance over HTTP. Resources 2820 may also wish to knowthat access to the resources 2820 is being mediated by the proxy device2810, such as by using a resource access protocol. Thus, mutualauthentication or identification may be performed for all threeentities, the client device 2805/user, the proxy device 2810, and theresources 2820.

After authentication and/or identification of one or more of the threeentities, the client device 2805 may send a request to the proxy device2810 for one or more resources, such as web resources, enterpriseresources (e.g., from a network file server), or other resources, thatcan be accessed by the proxy device 2810 but that may require userauthentication based on a client certificate. The request for a resourcemay be sent by the client device 2805 over HTTP, HTTPS, or any otheraccess protocol supported by the client device. The proxy device 2810may translate or bridge from the access protocol used by the clientdevice 2805 (e.g., HTTP or HTTPS) to the access protocol used by theresource. After translation, the proxy device 2810 may forward therequest to the resource and/or authentication service in step 3010 orotherwise attempt to access the requested resource.

In step 3012, the resource may request authentication from the proxydevice 2810. For example, the resource may indicate the type ofauthentication to be performed (e.g., SSL, a domain-basedauthentication, such as Kerberos, etc.). Based on the type ofauthentication, the resource may send an authentication challenge (e.g.,a 401 Negotiate message for Kerberos authentication or a clientcertificate challenge for SSL authentication). For Kerberosauthentication, a PKINIT protocol may be used, and the proxy device 2810may perform the role of the client in the PKINIT protocol toauthenticate the user identified by the client certificate to theKerberos realm (e.g., a MICROSOFT Active Directory domain). The resourceserver may generate a Kerberos authentication challenge, such as HTTP401 Negotiate. For SSL authentication (e.g., using a clientcertificate), the proxy device 2810 may represent to the resource thatthe proxy device 2810 has access to the user's client certificate and/orkey. The proxy device 2810 may attempt to authenticate directly with theresource instead of with a particular domain, as in Kerberosauthentication. Additionally or alternatively, the proxy device 2810 maybe aware that authentication is required before attempting to access therequested resource. In either case, the proxy may determine and initiatethe relevant authentication protocol interactions with the resource.These interactions may involve additional entities such as anauthentication server running an authentication service trusted by theresource.

In step 3014, the proxy device 2810 may determine whether a session keythat can be used to initiate a secured communication session with theresource (or a server having the resource) is available. A session keymay have previously been obtained by the proxy device 2810 based on aprior authentication session with the resource or authentication serviceand stored (e.g., cached) at the proxy device. For Kerberosauthentication, the session key may be stored with a Kerberos ticket,such as a ticket granting ticket (TGT) or other time-limited ticket.With reference to FIG. 29 and for Kerberos authentication, the PacketEngine 2920 of the proxy device 2810 may invoke its Kerberosauthentication response logic, which checks to see if there is already aservice ticket for the resource (e.g., a web resource) in the sessioncache 2925. In some aspects, the client-side authentication module 2930,in response to the check, may invoke PKINIT if the proxy device 2810knows that client certificate authentication is required and/orsupported. For SSL authentication, the session key may be used to resumea previous SSL connection, such an SSL session. If a session key (and/orticket) is available (step 3014: Y), the proxy device 2810 may continueto step 3054 (obtain requested resource) using the session key (and/orticket), as will be described in further detail in the examples below.

For a first time authentication, the session cache may be empty (e.g.,not store a valid session key and/or ticket) (step 3014: N). Thus, theproxy device 2810 may initiate authentication with the resource. Withreference to FIG. 29 and for Kerberos authentication, the Packet engine2920 may issue an internal PKINIT command to the client-sideauthentication module to obtain a TGT. In order to authenticate, theproxy device 2810 may determine that it needs one or more clientcertificates and/or signatures based on a client certificate accessibleby the client device 2805. These certificates and/or signatures mightnot be directly accessible by the proxy device 2810. With reference toFIG. 29, the client-side authentication module 2930 may send a command,such as an internal P11 get certificates command, to PKOperation ProxySDK 2935 to obtain certificates from the client device 2805. Theclient-side authentication module 2930 may incorporate a Kerberos clientimplementation, which supports a public-key cryptography standard(PKCS), such as the standard PKCS#11 library interface as a way to lookfor suitable client certificates for PKINIT. The PKOperation Proxy SDK2935 may implement the relevant subset of the PKCS#11 API functions tosupport the PKINIT feature.

In step 3016, the proxy device 2810 may send the request to the clientdevice 2805 for a list of certificates available and/or accessible tothe client device 2805. The request may be encoded into an HTTP header.For example, the request may be encoded in a 401 status code in HTTPindicating that an authentication is required and challenging the clientdevice 2805 for authentication. With reference to FIG. 29, the Proxy SDK2935 may require a custom interface to the Packet Engine 2920 which theProxy SDK 2935 may use to have certificate requests (e.g., PK operationrequests) sent to the client device 2805 and to receive the results ifthe client device 2805 responds to the request. If the certificaterequests need to be remoted, the Proxy SDK 2935 may encode the requestinto a binary structure (having encryption/integrity wrappers asappropriate), and submit to the Packet Engine 2920. The Packet Engine2920 may causes an HTTP 401 response with a custom authenticationchallenge to be sent to the client device 2805 in response to theinitial HTTP request, containing the binary structure encoded in aWWW-Authentication header.

In some aspects, the proxy device 2810 might not receive a responseresponsive to the request for a list of certificates from the clientdevice 2805. In particular, there is no guarantee that the client device2805 will respond to the certificate (e.g., PK operation) request. Forexample, the client device 2805 may have crashed or otherwise beenunable to respond to the request. Furthermore, the client device 2805may have attempted to obtain user consent for the operation (e.g., byrequesting the user to enter a PIN to unlock the keystore 2915), butconsent might be denied. To handle situations where the client device2805 does not return a list of client certificates, the proxy device2810 (such as the Proxy SDK 2935 component) may use a timeout toeventually abandon the certificate request operation. The proxy device2810 may return a suitable error code in these circumstances. DuringPKINIT logon, several PK operations may be sent to the device, until thePKINIT logon succeeds, fails or is abandoned or the timeout lapses.

In step 3018, the client device 2805 may receive the certificate listrequest from the proxy device 2810 and, in response, identify thecertificates available or otherwise accessible to the client device2805. For example and with reference to FIG. 29, the MAMP framework 2905of the client device 2805 may receive the message (e.g., an HTTP 401request) having a custom authentication challenge from the proxy device2810. Recognizing it as a certificate request (e.g., a PK operation‘authentication’ protocol), the MAMP framework 2905 may decode themessage from the received header format and pass a binary structure ofthe message to the PKOperation SDK 2910. The PKOperation SDK 2910 mayhave knowledge of the available client certificate(s). As previouslynoted, the client certificates may be in the form of a physical smartcard, a virtual smart card, and the like. The PKOperation SDK 2910 maydecode the request (including processing any encryption/integritywrappers), and dispatch it to an appropriate internal handler. Thehandler may process the request and generate a list of availablecertificates. The list of certificates may be filtered according torelevance for the operation being requested, for example, to onlyinclude certificates with an appropriate key usage indicator. The listof certificates may be filtered until only one certificate remains. Forexample, the list may be further filtered by presenting a UI to the userof the client device 2805 to pick the certificate that should be usedfor the operation. The list may be in a binary structure that representsthe operation result. The PKOperation SDK 2910 may return the list ofcertificates, which may still be in the binary structure, to the MAMPframework 2905 or signal an error condition if the list cannot begenerated.

With reference to FIG. 30B, in step 3024, the client device 2805 maysend a message including the list of available certificates to the proxydevice 2810. In some aspects, the message may be sent as an HTTP orHTTPS message. For example, the MAMP framework 2905 may replay theoriginal HTTP request from the proxy device, but use a customAuthorization header attached to the request which includes the list ofavailable certificates. Prior to sending, the message may be sealed inthe encryption/integrity wrapper and/or encoded to fit an HTTP header.

In step 3026, the proxy device 2810 may receive the message from theclient device 2805 (and decrypt/decode if necessary). With reference toFIG. 29, the Packet Engine 2920 may recognize that the HTTP requestreceived from the client device 2805 is a resend of the originalcertificate request sent by the proxy device 2910. The Packet Engine2920 may submit a binary structure of data from the Authorization headerto the Proxy SDK 2935 via the client-side authentication module 2930.The Proxy SDK 2935 may unpack the binary structure (including theencryption/integrity wrapper) and return the unpacked data to theclient-side authentication module 2930. Next, the proxy device 2810 mayselect a certificate (from the list of certificates) to use toauthenticate the proxy device 2810 with the resource/authenticationserver, such as a certificate that is suitable for the authenticationsession (i.e., to authenticate the proxy device 2810 with theresource/authentication server). In some embodiments, the Kerberos andSSL standards may specify the key usage(s) that are expected orrequired. For example, if the authentication session comprises Kerberosauthentication, the proxy device 2810 may need to obtain Kerberostickets and can select the certificate suitable to obtain Kerberostickets. If the client device 2805 returned multiple certificates instep 3024, the proxy device 2810 may send a selection request to theclient device seeking user input to select from a list of certificates.

The proxy device 2810 and resource may continue exchanging messagesduring the authentication session. At one or more points during theauthentication session, the proxy device 2810 may be required to performa cryptographic operation with a signature, such as a private key, ofthe client device 2805. The private key might not be directly availableto the proxy device 2810. Instead, the private key may remain under thecontrol of the client device 2805 and not exposed directly to the proxydevice 2810. The proxy device 2810 may interact with the client device2805 over a specialized communication channel to obtain a signature(e.g., the private key).

In step 3028, the proxy device 2810 may generate a request for asignature corresponding to the selected certificate from the clientdevice 2805. The proxy device 2810 may also generate a piece of data tobe signed. For Kerberos authentication, the piece of data may comprisean authentication service request (AS_REQ) message using the selectedcertificate. The AS_REQ message may optionally be included with therequest for signature to be sent to the client device 2805. The proxydevice 2810 may send an unsigned AS_REQ message to the client device2805 if the client device needs to ascertain the full details of theauthentication context before providing a signature. The proxy device2810 might not send the AS_REQ message to the client device 2805 if thecommunication protocol between the client and proxy devices and/or theKerberos authentication implementation do not support sending the AS_REQmessage to the client device 2805. As will be discussed in the examplesbelow, the proxy device 2810 may send a signed AS_REQ message to theauthentication service 2815 and/or resource 2820 for authentication onceit has been signed by the client device 2805.

In step 3030, the proxy device 2810 may determine authentication contextinformation to be included in the request for signature. In someaspects, the context information might not be limited by size or format.For example, the proxy device 2810 may send the context information as aBinary Large Object (BLOB). Generally, the context information maycomprise information that identifies the authentication session betweenthe proxy device 2810 and the resource/authentication server. As will bedescribed in further detail in the examples below, the client device2805 may use the context information to verify or otherwise confirm theauthentication session between the proxy device 2810 and theresource/authentication server.

Examples of the content of the context information will now be provided.The context information may identify a data structure of authenticationinformation previously exchanged between the proxy device 2810 and theresource/authentication server. For example, if the proxy device 2810and the resource have already exchanged authentication messages and arecurrently in the middle of authentication, the context information maycomprise all or a portion of the exchanged authentication messages.Additionally or alternatively, the context information may identify adata structure of authentication information to be sent by the proxydevice 2810 to the resource/authentication server in the future. InKerberos authentication, for example, the context information maycomprise part or the entire AS_REQ message to be sent by the proxydevice 2810 to the resource/authentication server.

The context information may comprise timestamp information associatedwith the authentication session. The timestamp may identify the currenttime as determined by the proxy device 2810. For Kerberos/PKINIT, theauthentication service 2815 and/or resource 2820 may validate thetimestamp during authentication. In general, the timestamp should bewithin a reasonably tight tolerance of the current time (e.g., within Xseconds) determined by the authentication service 2815 and/or resource2820. Because the timestamp is used to authenticate the proxy device2810 with the authentication service 2815 and/or resource 2820, thetimestamp may also be used for verification by the client device 2805. Agreater tolerance threshold (e.g., X+Y seconds) may be used by theclient device 2805 because the client device 2805 and the proxy device2810 might not be as closely synchronized in time as the proxy device2810 and the authentication service 2815. The client device 2805 may usethe timestamp information to verify that the authentication session isrecent (e.g., within the last minute, within the last day, etc.).

The context information may identify the type of authentication protocolbeing used by the proxy device 2810 and resource/authentication server.For example, if Kerberos authentication is used, the context informationmay identify Kerberos generally or PKINIT/Kerberos if the PKINITfeatures of Kerberos are being used. As one example, “sign-for-PKINIT”may be used. The context information may also identify the applicationrequesting the signature or the specific proxy device 2810implementation. For example, ‘sign-for-PKINIT-by-NetScaler®’ or‘sign-for-PKINIT-by-XenApp®’ may be used. If SSL authentication is used,the context information may identify SSL. As one example,‘sign-for-SSL-client-authentication’ may be used. The contextinformation may also identify which SSL authentication operation theproxy device 2810 is performing (e.g., operation 1, operation 2, etc.)and with which resource the proxy device 2810 is authenticating.

The context information may identify the certificate that the proxydevice 2810 selected from the list of certificates provided by theclient device 2805 (e.g., step 3026). By providing the selectedcertificate, the client device 2805 may be able to figure out the typeof authentication protocol being used by the proxy device 2810 and theresource.

The context information may identify the data structure of theauthentication session, such as a Kerberos data structure or an SSL datastructure. For example, the Kerberos authentication session may compriseAbstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) constructs, which the proxy device2810 may identify via the context information. In particular, anAuthPack, which may be part of the AS_REQ, to be signed may have awell-defined ASN.1 structure that the client device 2805 may recognize.For SSL authentication, the data structure may comprise aCertificateVerify structure.

The context information may comprise specific pieces of information thatthe client device 2805 may use to verify the authentication session. Thespecific pieces of information can also be used to identify the datastructure of the authentication session. For example, if theauthentication session comprises Kerberos authentication, the contextinformation may include, for example, a checksum associated with theKerberos authentication, a Kerberos domain used for the Kerberosauthentication (e.g., the realm that a particular authentication serverserves), a Kerberos principal name associated with the client device2805 (e.g., a username assigned to the client device 2805), anidentifier of a key distribution center (KDC) used for theauthentication session, a validity period of a requested ticket (e.g., aTGT ticket or session ticket), and Kerberos flags that have been setduring the authentication session (e.g., based on the authenticationmessages so far exchanged between the proxy device 2810 andresource/authentication server). An example flag that the client device2805 may verify is a “forwardable” flag, which may indicate that theresulting ticket may be forwarded to another device. As previouslynoted, a portion or the entirety of an AS_REQ message to be signed bythe client device 2805 and to be sent to the resource/authenticationserver may be sent to the client device 2805.

For SSL authentication, specific pieces of information alone might notbe sufficient for the client device 2805 to identify the context of theSSL authentication session between the proxy device 2810 and theresource/authentication service. For example, the specific pieces ofinformation will look like random data to the client device 2805 becauseSSL authentication creates hashes of an entire series of packets thathave gone back and forth between proxy device 2810 and the resource.Thus, in some embodiments, the context information for SSLauthentication may comprise the entire (or close to entire)authentication conversation between the proxy device 2810 and theresource prior to requesting the signature from the client device 2805.In other words, all of the SSL operations (e.g., handshake messages) maybe provided to the client device 2805. The proxy device 2810 generates acumulative digest of SSL operations performed. Accordingly, the clientdevice 2805 may inspect any portion of the handshake that the clientdevice 2805 wishes to inspect, allowing the client device 2805 toascertain the identity of the resource being accessed and to confirmthat the handshake is well-formed. In some aspects, the proxy device2810 may delegate the entire SSL handshake process to the client device2805 over a certificate operation interface. When the handshake iscomplete, the client device 2805 may supply a Master Secret protectedunder the key exchange for the specialized communication channel betweenthe client and proxy.

In step 3032, the client device 2805 may receive the request forsignature from the proxy device 2810 and extract the context informationincluded therein. For example, the client device 2805 may decode and/ordecrypt the request message. Examples of the context information werepreviously listed. In step 3034, the client device 2805 may attempt toverify the context information. The client device 2805 may use thecontext information to verify that the authentication session betweenthe proxy device 2810 and the resource/authentication server is valid.For example, the client device 2805 may use the context information todetermine that the proxy device 2810 is communicating with theresource/authentication server and the type of communication occurringbetween them. The client device 2805 may be made aware of a relevantportion (or entirety) of the resource authentication protocol or theproxy's authentication context, sufficient for the client device 2805 tosatisfy itself that, for example, the resource being accessed is theintended one, the cryptographic operation being requested is part of theexpected protocol, and the results of the cryptographic operation willbe or can only be usefully used as part of the specific protocolinteraction between the proxy device 2810 and resource. For instance,the client device 2805 may inspect the data (e.g., an AS_REQ message forKerberos authentication) the client device 2805 has been asked to signto ensure that the data (or appended data) corresponds to a well-knownstructure used by that construct of the expected authentication protocol(e.g., Kerberos, SSL, etc.). The data may also potentially includespecific data elements that can be verified by the client device 2805.Alternatively or additionally, the client device 2805 may look for arecognizable and/or verifiable expected structure in the data before theclient device 2805 provides a signature.

If the context information is not verified (step 3034: N), the clientdevice 2805 may send a message indicating that the context informationcould not be verified. For example, the client device 2805 may send aresponse that does not include the requested signature. For Kerberosauthentication, the verification may fail if the timestamp is outsidethe tolerance threshold set by the client device 2805. For SSL andKerberos authentication, the client device 2805 may perform certificatechain validation on the authentication/resource server certificate,which may fail for any of a number of reasons. Certificate chainvalidation for Kerberos may require a separate PK operation step(dealing with AS_REP, which is the reply to AS_REQ). For SSL, the chainvalidation may be possible if the relevant portion of the SSLauthentication messages between proxy device 2810 and resource are sentto the client device 2805.

In some aspects, the client device 2805 may request additional contextinformation from the proxy device 2810 if the client device 2805 cannotverify based on the context information already provided by the proxydevice 2810. If the proxy device 2810 decides to provide the additionalcontext information, the proxy device 2810 may return to step 3030 andfind additional context information to provide to the client device. Theadditional context information may be of a different type of contextinformation. For example, if the proxy device 2810 previously providedinformation identifying the certificate that the proxy device 2810selected, the proxy device 2810 may provide specific information fromthe authentication messages exchanged between the proxy device 2810 andthe resource/authentication server (e.g., the Kerberos flags set duringa Kerberos authentication session or handshake messages exchanged duringan SSL authentication session). Instead of sending a message without asignature, the client device 2805 might not respond to the proxydevice's signature request.

In step 3038, the proxy device 2810 may generate a message indicatingthat a signature is unavailable and forward the message to theresource/authentication server. In step 3070, theresource/authentication server may determine that the proxy has not beenauthenticated, and in response, may end the authentication session. Inother words, the resource/authentication server might not provide theProxy with a session key (or a ticket in the case of Kerberos).

The context information may be verified (step 3034: Y). For Kerberosauthentication, verification may succeed if, for example, the receivedtimestamp is within a tolerance of the current time at the client deviceand/or if the checksum in received AuthPack matches the checksumcomputed by the client device (in the case where AS_REQ is supplied ascontext information). If the context information is verified, in step3042, the client device 2805 may sign the data provided by the proxydevice 2810 using the certificate, which may have been selected by theproxy device 2810 in step 3026. For example, for Kerberosauthentication, if the proxy device 2810 provided the unsigned AS_REQmessage to the client device 2805 (e.g., in step 3030), the clientdevice 2805 may sign the AS_REQ message. As previously noted, providingthe unsigned AS_REQ is optional. As an alternative, for both Kerberosand SSL authentication, the data provided by the proxy device 2810 maycomprise any chunk of data, such as a sequence of octets, on which thesignature is to be computed. After signing the data, the client device2805 may send a message with the signature and/or the signed data to theproxy device 2810 in step 3044.

In step 3046, the proxy device 2810 may receive the message and extractthe signature and/or signed data. For example, the signature (which maybe another sequence of octets) may be returned to the proxy device andinserted by the proxy device into the appropriate authentication messageto be sent to the resource or authentication service, as will bediscussed in further detail below. With reference to FIG. 29, the PacketEngine 2920 may receive the message and forward the message to the ProxySDK 2935. The Proxy SDK 2935 may provide the signature to theclient-side authentication module 2930.

In step 3048, the proxy device 2810 may send an authentication messageincluding the signature to the resource/authentication server. Theauthentication message may be in response to the request to authenticatesent by the resource/authentication server in step 3012. In general, theauthentication message may be used to obtain a session key for the proxydevice 2810 to obtain resources requested by the client device 2805. InKerberos authentication, for example, the authentication message maycomprise an AS_REQ message used to obtain a session key and a ticket,such as a TGT, which the proxy device 2810 may use to obtain tickets fora secured communication session with the resource. If the proxy device2810 received a signed AS_REQ message from the client device 2805, theproxy device 2810 may forward the signed AS_REQ message to theresource/authentication server. If the proxy device 2810 received thesignature separately, the proxy device 2810 may generate an AS_REQmessage and append the signature to the AS_REQ message. In some aspects,the AS_REQ message may be encoded in the PA-PK-AS-REQ format, asdescribed in RFC 4556, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

In step 3050, the resource/authentication server may receive theauthentication message and determine whether the authentication messagehas a valid signature. If the signature is not valid, theresource/authentication server may perform step 3070, which waspreviously discussed (e.g., determine that the proxy device 2810 is notauthentication and/or end the authentication session with the proxydevice 2810).

In step 3052, if the signature is valid (step 3050: Y), theresource/authentication server may generate and/or send a session key tothe proxy device 2810. In Kerberos authentication, theresource/authentication server may also send a ticket, such as a TGT ora service ticket, to the proxy device 2810. The session key and/orticket may be encapsulated using another key that the proxy device 2810and/or the client device 2805 can decrypt. In some aspects, the messagemay be sent as a Kerberos AS_REP message.

In step 3053, the proxy device 2810 may receive the session key and/orticket and store (e.g., cache) the session key and/or ticket. They maybe cached for later use. For example, the session key and/or ticket maybe used in the future if the client device 2805 requests additionalresources. With reference to FIG. 30A, the proxy device 2810 maydetermine that a session key is available in step 3014 the next time theproxy device 2810 needs to obtain a resource for the client device 2805.With reference to FIG. 29 and for Kerberos authentication, theclient-side authentication module 2930 may populate a Kerberos ticketcache for user sessions with TGTs and/or service tickets and theircorresponding session keys.

In some embodiments, the proxy device 2810 might not have the key todecrypt the message having the session key and/or ticket received fromthe resource/authentication server. Instead, the client device 2805 maycontrol access to the key, for example, if the client device 2805 doesnot entirely trust the proxy device 2810. In these embodiments, theproxy device 2810 and the client device 2805 may optionally exchange anadditional set of messages (e.g., in an additional certificateoperation) to decrypt the encapsulated message comprising the sessionkey and/or ticket. The exchange may occur instead of the proxy device2810 decrypting and storing the session key and/or ticket in step 3053.

For example, in Kerberos authentication, PKINIT may use Diffie-Hellmankey exchange to negotiate an AS reply key for wrapping the TGT sessionkey, as described in section 3.2.3.1 in RFC 4556, which is incorporatedby reference in its entirety. Alternatively, public key encryption maybe utilized by a KDC to encrypt an AS reply key it generates with thecertificate's public RSA key, as described in section 3.2.3.2 in RFC4556. This may force the proxy device 2810 to request the client device2805 to decrypt the reply key. In these examples, the client device 2805may choose to retain the reply key and other keys it protects such asthe TGT session key allowing it to control any use of the TGT to requestfurther tickets (and to control use of those service tickets as well ifit wished). Thus, instead of the proxy device 2810 storing the sessionkey and/or ticket in step 3053, the client device 2805 may store thesession key and/or ticket. This may be appropriate if the client device2805 has a moderate trust in the proxy device 2810, but not entiretrust.

Further details on using public key encryption will now be described. IfRSA public key encryption is used to return the AS reply key, the proxydevice 2810 may request certificate private key decryption from theclient device 2805 of a sub-structure in a data field of the replymessage with the session key and/or ticket received from the resource,such as an encKeyPack field of a KRB-AS-REP reply message. A blob whichresults from decryption by the client device 2805 may be a SignedDatastructure, as defined in section 5.1 of RFC 3852, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. The SignedData struct may havecontent type id-pkinit-rkeyData and a content field containing aReplyKeyPack structure as defined in section 3.2.3.2 of RFC4556. Thesignature field on SignedData may include the KDC's certificate allowingthe client device 2805 to perform certificate path validation to confirmthe identity of the KDC. Accordingly, if RSA public key exchange isused, the client device 2805 may have the ability to fully verify theidentity of the KDC to which the proxy device 2810 is authenticating. IfDiffie-Hellman key exchange is used, the proxy device 2810 may see theKDC's certificate and perform path validation. The proxy device 2810 maynot need to involve the client device 2805 in completing the keyexchange.

Alternatively, the client device 2805 may have high trust in the proxydevice 2810 and allow the proxy device 2810 to decrypt the messagecontaining the session key and/or ticket. In these embodiments, theproxy device may decrypt the message and store the session key and/orticket as previously described with respect to step 3053. For example,the proxy device 2810 may control the Diffie-Hellman key exchange,allowing the proxy device 2810 to recover the session key (e.g.,associated with a TGT) without further client device 2805 support. Inthis case, the proxy device 2810 may be granted unconstrained delegationpermissions by the client device 2805 as the proxy device 2810 canexercise full control of the TGT.

Additionally or alternatively, the proxy device may utilize theMicrosoft Active Directory environment to obtain the session key and/orticket. In a Microsoft Active Directory environment, the proxy device2810 may support an extension of the PKINIT process that allows theproxy device 2810 to receive the user's password hash (such as NTLMcredentials) from the domain controller. This allows the proxy device2810 to respond to NTLM authentication challenges as well as Kerberosauthentication challenges. Unless the client device retains the AS replykey in order to retain control over the TGT session key (as previouslydescribed), no additional interaction between the proxy device 2810 andthe client device 2805 may be required to recover the NTLM password hashbecause it may be encrypted with the same AS reply key used to conveythe TGT session key.

In step 3054, the proxy device 2810 may obtain the requested resourceusing the session key. In step 3056, a server or other database mayprovide the requested resource based on the session key. For Kerberosauthentication, the resource/authentication server may have provided aTGT and an associated session key in step 3052. In this example, theproxy device 2810 may perform inline authentication on behalf of theuser of the client device 2805 by obtaining additional Kerberos servicetickets for requested resources using the TGT. With reference to FIG.29, the client-side authentication module 2930 may signal the PacketEngine 2920 if PKINIT and Kerberos ticket fetching succeeded to retrythe proxied HTTP request to the resource. This may be performed when thesession key/ticket cache is populated. The Packet Engine 2920 may attachan Authorization header containing the appropriate Kerberos binarystructure (AP_REQ) generated from the service ticket and session key toobtain the resource. As previously noted, the client device 2805 mightnot entirely trust the proxy device 2810. In these examples, the clientdevice 2805 may retain possession of the TGT session key and may requirethe proxy device 2810 to interact with the client device 2805 whenrequesting service tickets for individual resources. In this way, theclient device 2805 can ensure visibility of the identity of resourcesbeing accessed on its behalf by the proxy device 2810.

In step 3058, once the proxy device 2810 obtains the resource, the proxydevice 2810 may send the resource to the client device 2805. In step3060, the client device 2805 may receive the requested resource and useit as desired, such as by accessing data or services, such as enterprisedata or services. As previously discussed, the data or services may beencrypted in data vaults 616 to protect the data or services on theclient device 2805.

In some embodiments, the client device 2805 may communicate with theresource 2820, such as Sharepoint, using a VPN tunnel (e.g., through theproxy device 2810) or other type of communication channel. Instead ofthe proxy device 2810 receiving the resource authentication challengefrom the resource 2820 (e.g., in step 3014 illustrated in FIG. 30A), theclient device 2805 may receive the challenge via the VPN tunnel. Theclient device 2805 may establish a second parallel conversation with theproxy device 2810 (or communicate with the proxy device over apreviously established channel) to enable the proxy device 2810 to aidin authentication. This is beneficial because the client device 2805might not have the functionalities to perform certain types ofauthentication, such as Kerberos authentication. During the secondparallel conversation, the client device 2805 may present the resourceauthentication challenge to the proxy device 2810. The proxy device 2810may then communicate with the authentication service 2815 (e.g., a KDCin the case of Kerberos authentication) and obtain a session key (andKerberos ticket in the case of Kerberos authentication) needed for theclient device 2805 to access the resource. At this point, the stepsperformed among the client device 2805, proxy device 2810, andauthentication service 2815 may include, for example, any of steps 3014,3016, 3018, 3024, 3026, 3028, 3030, 3032, 3034, 3036, 3038, 3070, 3042,3044, 3046, 3048, 3050, 3052, and/or 3053 previously discussed inreference to FIGS. 30A-C. After the proxy device 2810 receives thesession key and/or ticket from the authentication service 2815, theproxy device 2810 may return the key and/or ticket to the client device2805 over the secure communication channel between the client device andthe proxy device. The client device 2805 may now respond to the resourceauthentication challenge received from the resource 2820 using thesession key and/or ticket and obtain the requested resource.Alternatively, instead of the proxy device 2810 returning the key and/orticket to the client device 2805, the proxy device 2810 may itselfconstruct the response to the resource authentication challenge and sendthe authentication response to the client device 2805. The client device2805 may forward the response to the resource 2820 to obtain therequested resource.

The steps illustrated in FIGS. 30A-C may be applied to signingdocuments, such as emails or other document types, and/or to decryptingdata that is protected by the certificate private key. In the example ofsigning documents, the proxy device 2810 may provide the client device2805 with the document to be signed as the context information describedherein.

The steps illustrated in FIGS. 30A-C may also be applied to avirtualization environment, such as desktop and/or applicationvirtualization. In a virtualization environment, the client device 2805may be running a virtualization application, such as the client agent604 illustrated in FIG. 6 or any other client application used toestablish a remote display connection (e.g., CITRIX ICA, CITRIX RDP,etc.). As previously noted, the client device 2805 may still secure aprivate certificate, such as a key stored in a physical or virtual smartcard.

The proxy device 2810 may comprise or be part of an application ordesktop virtualization server, such as virtualization server 301illustrated in FIG. 3. Such servers may run applications and maycommunicate with resources, such as enterprise resources. Communicationsbetween the proxy device 2810 and the client device 2805 in avirtualization environment may be handled over a display remotingprotocol, such as CITRIX ICA protocol or CITRIX RDP protocol. Theresource may comprise the enterprise resources 504, 508, and/or 608and/or the enterprise services 508 and/or 609 noted above.

In some embodiments, the steps illustrated in FIGS. 30A-C may be usedfor virtualization environments. Alternatively, some changes may bemade. HTTP communications between the client device 2805 and the proxydevice 2810 may be replaced with communications utilizing a displayremoting protocol, such as CITRIX ICA protocol or CITRIX RDP protocol.The PKOp Proxy SDK 2935 may comprise a third party application.Accordingly, steps performed by the PKOperation Proxy SDK 2935 describedabove may be performed by a third party application. In some aspects,the proxy device 2810 may call out to the third party application toperform these steps.

An example virtualization embodiment will now be described. A standardOS Kerberos implementation where the virtualization server runs an OS,such as Microsoft Windows, may be used. For example, Kerberos SecurityService Provider (Kerberos SSP) Authentication Package (SSP/AP) may beused. Various programming interfaces to the Kerberos SSP may beutilized, including, but not limited to, Ls aCallAuthentic ationPackageand KERB_CERTIFICATE_LOGON. A smart card equivalent client certificate,in conjunction with a custom credential provider and custom key storageprovider (KSP), may be used to invoke the PKINIT Kerberos logon protocolpreviously discussed. The KSP may be exposed to the specific protocolelements of PKINIT that can be signed with the private key, such as thechecksum of the AuthPack structure. Additionally, the Kerberos SSP mayuse OS APIs to invoke cryptographic operations, such as the Hash APIused to compute the checksum which is an initial step in generating asignature. By intercepting the Hash API calls made by the Kerberos SSPthe protocol elements upon which signatures are to be calculated can beseen. The Hash API calls can be intercepted by using a custom SSP whichis loaded into the trusted LSASS process where the Kerberos SSP performsPKINIT.

As previously noted, the elements to be signed may comprise an AuthPackstructure described in section 3.2.1 of RFC4556. Furthermore, theprotocol element may have some well-formed structure, such as astructure that follows ASN.1 binary encoding rules. Additionally, thestructure may include a timestamp which represents the current time,allowing the client device 2805 to perform a basic validation checkagainst the client device's own knowledge of the current time. To allowfor time variances that may be likely in practice, the client device2805 may wish to allow a wider latitude of variance than, for example,the authentication server (e.g., a KDC) will. For example, the clientdevice 2805 may accept a time value that is within 24 hours of its owntime value, rather than the 5 minutes which is what the KDC may allow.

In some embodiments, the KSP may reliably locate the KRB-REQ-BODY binarystructure which may have been prepared in the Kerberos SSP prior toinvoking the certificate sign operation which ultimately calls the KSP.If this structure can be located, such as from a stack walk back to theKerberos SSP, then a full validation of AuthPack may be possible.Alternatively, by intercepting the OS Hash API calls made by theKerberos SSP, to compute a checksum of KRB-REQ_BODY as part of thepreparation of the AuthPack structure, the KRB-REQ-BODY structure may bedirectly visible. A copy of the structure can then be sent by the proxydevice 2810 to the client device 2805 as part of the PK operationrequest. Similarly the AuthPack structure may be visible to the Hash APIas part of the signature construction. As previously noted, a specialcommunication channel between the client device 2805 and the proxydevice 2810 may comprise a custom GSS-API mechanism. In thevirtualization embodiment, the special communication channel may beinside a virtual channel in the display remoting protocol. For example,a SSPI Virtual Channel may be used. In some aspects, if a SSPInegotiation fails to complete authentication itself, otherauthentication methods supported by the display remoting protocol can beused instead.

In some embodiments, the aspects described herein may be applied toCITRIX XenApp® and/or XenDesktop®. XenApp® and XenDesktop® may supportsmart card remoting using a smart card virtual channel that remotes asmart card reader interface (e.g., a PC/SC). The aspects describedherein may replace PC/SC remoting for the purpose of Windows logon. Thesmart card may be accessed once the session has been established, forinstance to support applications that use the smart card to signdocuments. This may be achieved by appropriately configuring the smartcard API hooks used by XenApp®/XenDesktop®, causing them not to apply inthe Windows Logon processes (e.g., winlogon.exe, logonui.exe, etc.), butstill apply normally to other processes.

From the client device 2805's perspective, the certificate operationsthat are remoted may be associated with a particular form of PKINIT(e.g., ‘sign-for-PKINIT-from-XenApp®’), and the smart card context usedfor PKINIT may be immediately released upon conclusion so thatapplication causes additional PIN prompts if required. Additionally oralternatively, the smart card context may have been used prior to thePKINIT request, for example by the client device 2805 to perform SSLwith client certificate authentication to the proxy device 2810 or toanother device or server. In this way, a single PIN prompt may besufficient to enable authentication by the client device 2805 to abroker server which identifies the proxy device 2810 to be used for theresource access operations (from a plurality of devices that can performthis service). The selected proxy device 2810 may then perform PKINITwithout an additional PIN prompt and without having required explicitPIN caching by the client device 2805. In the case of domain login toapplication or desktop virtualization servers, a significant performanceimprovement may be achieved over traditional methods of remote smartcard authentication. Furthermore, this can be achieved without needingto implement the full reader and smart card interface for a virtualsmart card.

Various modifications to the aspects describe above can be made. Eachentity (client device 2805, proxy device 2810, authentication service2815, and/or resource 2820) may be made aware of the activities of theother entities. For example, each entity may be provided withidentifiers for one or more of the other entities. The identifiers maybe provided during any of the message exchanges previously describedwith respect to FIGS. 30A-C. For example, the proxy device 2810 mayinject information identifying the client device 2805 into theinformation packets that the proxy device 2810 sends to theresource/authentication server. The proxy device 2810 may also injectinformation identifying the resource/authentication server into theinformation packets the proxy device 2810 sends to the client device2805. In a similar manner, the type of client device 2805 (e.g., PC,tablet, smartphone, etc.) may be provided to the other entities. In someaspects, Kerberos Protocol Extensions (e.g., MS-KILE), as described inRFC 6113, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, maybe leveraged to make the activities of entities available to otherentities. By providing identification information to the resource 2820,the resource 2820 may determine who is accessing data and/or alsorestrict access to data.

For the case of Kerberos, it is possible in some implementations (e.g.,a Windows Server 2012 implementation) to provide two principalidentities during network service authentication. The proxy device 2810may use its own Kerberos identity (e.g., TGT) to ‘armor’ the TGSexchange, as described in the Microsoft Kerberos Protocol Extensionsdocumentation [MS-KILE] and RFC 6113. This technique is referred to asFAST, also described in RFC 6113. A compound identity for theuser/client device 2805 and proxy device 2810 may be created. In WindowsServer 2012, this compound identity may be exposed to resources thatoperate on top of the Windows ACL framework, with the ability for ACLsto inspect the machine identity and other claims. While a Windows Server2012 implementation has been described, one of ordinary skill in the artwould recognize that any other implementations using different operatingsystems may be utilized.

The proxy device 2810 may use generalized claims mechanisms to alsosupply information relating to the client device 2805 itself, whichcould reflect its identity (if known from other means, such as devicecertificate authentication by SSL to the proxy device 2810) or otherrelevant attributes of the device such as its type, OS, version, orsecurity posture that may be learned during the authentication orresource access process from client device 2805 to proxy device 2810.

Another modification to the aspects describe above may compriseadjusting a user experience to notify the user of operations using theclient certificate. Information that the proxy device 2810 provides tothe client device 2805 may be displayed to the user. In another example,the display may indicate that the client device 2805 is in the middle ofa logon process, which may also utilize the client certificate. A PINprompt may also be displayed, such as for smart cards using Class 1readers. More detailed displays to the user that faithfully representsthe operation to be conducted may be provided. For example, for signingdocuments with the client certificate, the document may be displayed tothe user for review. A suitable summary indicator of a transaction to beperformed may also be displayed. Detailed displays may be utilized inany of the smart card reader classes, such as Class 4. In someembodiments, the client device 2805 may simulate a smart card reader (orsupport using such a reader if interacting with a physical smart card).

Unnecessary interactions with the user may be avoided. For example, thescope of remoted certificate operations may be properly grouped (e.g.,bounded), so that multiple operations which are part of the same group(e.g., a group of operations using the same resource authenticationprotocol) may be recognized as being part of the same group, and alogical group may be created. In some aspects, one information displayor prompt may be displayed to the user for operations within the samegroup. Approximately speaking, this logical grouping corresponds toobtaining and releasing a smart card context in the case of traditionalphysical smart cards.

Application Management Framework for Secure Data Sharing

Improved techniques involve conveying data between secure applicationsrunning on an electronic mobile device via a parallel, hidden encryptedpasteboard. Such a hidden pasteboard is defined only to a set of secure(or “managed”) applications running on the mobile device (e.g., viamanagement policies). Moreover, all data is encrypted by the managed appwriting the data to the hidden pasteboard, and then decrypted by anothermanaged app reading the data from the hidden pasteboard thus preventingexposure of the data even if the location of the hidden pasteboard isdiscovered.

One embodiment is directed to a method of conveying data between secureapplications running on the electronic mobile device which is performedin an electronic mobile device having (i) processing circuitry and (ii)memory. The method includes receiving, by the processing circuitry, acopy command; and encrypting, by the processing circuitry and inresponse to the copy command, original data from a first secureapplication to form encrypted data. The method further includes writing,by the processing circuitry and in response to the copy command, theencrypted data to a hidden pasteboard residing in the memory to enable asecond secure application to subsequently read and decrypt the encrypteddata from the hidden pasteboard, the hidden pasteboard residing at alocation of the memory which is different than that of a generalclipboard residing in the memory, the general clipboard being accessibleby a set of unsecure applications running on the electronic mobiledevice.

FIG. 31A shows an electronic mobile device which is suitable for use inconveying data between secure applications. The electronic mobile deviceincludes, among other things, a user interface for user input/output,memory to store data, and processing circuitry. Examples of suitablemobile devices include smart phones, tablet devices, electronicnotebooks, and so on. In the context of smart phones, various specificplatforms are suitable for use such as those running iOS provided byApple Computer, Android provided by Google, and Windows provided byMicrosoft are suitable.

During operation, the electronic mobile device responds to user commandsby performing operations such as launching applications, establishingconnections to external devices (e.g., cellular calls, WiFi connections,etc.) to exchange wireless signals, and performing useful work. Alongthese lines, the processing circuitry of the electronic mobile deviceruns a set of (i.e., one or more) unsecure applications, and a set ofsecure applications.

When the processing circuitry runs an unsecure application, theprocessing circuitry is configured to access the general clipboard forcopy and paste operations in a traditional manner. For example, whilethe processing circuitry runs a first unsecure application, the user isable to copy data from the first unsecure application to the generalclipboard. Additionally, the while the processing circuitry runs asecond unsecure application, the user is able to paste the copied datafrom the general clipboard into a workspace of the second unsecureapplication.

However, as illustrated in FIG. 31B, the secure applications areconfigured to access the hidden encrypted pasteboard. In particular, toperform a copy operation using a secure application, the processingcircuitry encrypts the data and then writes the encrypted data into thepasteboard (bypassing the general clipboard). Furthermore, to perform apaste operation using a secure application, the processing circuitryreads data from the hidden encrypted pasteboard, and decrypts the databefore placing the decrypted data into the workspace of that secureapplication. Accordingly, the data is never exposed outside the secureapplications.

In some arrangements, the mobile device is capable of inputting datafrom the general clipboard into the secure applications. Along theselines and as shown in FIG. 31C, copying of data into the generalclipboard by an unsecure application creates a detectable copy event.When the processing circuitry runs a secure application that receives anindication of the copy event, the processing circuitry reads the datafrom the general clipboard, encrypts the data to form encrypted data,and writes the encrypted data into the hidden encrypted pasteboard.Accordingly, the data within the hidden encrypted pasteboard is nowsynchronized with the data in the general clipboard and the secureapplications which have access to the hidden encrypted pasteboard maynow access the data from the hidden encrypted pasteboard. In somearrangements, the mobile device equips different groups of secureapplications to use different secure pasteboards. For example, theprocessing circuitry may provide (i) a first memory address of thehidden pasteboard and a first set of cryptographic keys to a first groupof secure applications, (ii) a second memory address to another hiddenpasteboard and a second set of cryptographic keys to a second group ofsecure applications, and so on. Such deployment and configuration of thesecure applications may be effectuated via management policies to groupapplications where the management policies dictate a particular group,keys and pasteboard to each secure application.

While various embodiments of the present disclosure have beenparticularly shown and described, it will be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes in form and details may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure asdefined by the appended claims. Additionally, further details areprovided in the following materials which are appended this portion ofthe application.

Some arrangements are directed to a system to prevent sensitive datafrom being shared outside of a managed set of applications. A companymay wish to restrict data sharing to this managed set of applications,allowing full bidirectional access, but also potentially allowingincoming insecure data, such as text from a webpage, to be copied intoone of the managed applications. On modern operating systems such asiOS, Android and Windows, there is a mechanism typically called the“pasteboard” or “clipboard” that is used to share data betweenapplications. The user can “copy” data from one application into thepasteboard, and then “paste” it from the pasteboard into a secondapplication. One problem is that the data put into the pasteboard is notsecured in any way, and sometimes there is a need to secure it such thatonly a defined set of managed applications can share this data, hidingit from other non-managed applications. Aspects of this disclosure aredirected towards a mechanism for redirecting copy and paste operationsto a parallel encrypted pasteboard, that only managed applications haveaccess to.

In order to provide secure copy and paste functionality between a set ofmanaged applications, the circuitry redirects copy and paste operationsto a parallel pasteboard. This parallel pasteboard is hidden fromgeneral view by other applications, and all data written to it isencrypted. Only managed applications know how to access this hidden,encrypted pasteboard.

In addition, to allow the user to copy and paste data from insecureapplication to one of the managed applications, a synchronization methodmonitors the unsecure pasteboard for changes, and writes the changes tothe secure pasteboard as needed.

Furthermore, in some cases a system administrator may choose to entirelydisable copy and paste functionality, either for a single application, agroup of applications, or all managed applications. This is achieved byadding appropriate management policy enforcement points in theredirection code.

Also, there may be a need to have multiple application groups, each withits own secure pasteboard. This is achieved by using management policiesto group applications, and then provide each group with their ownseparate secure pasteboard.

In some mobile devices:

-   -   1. Copy and paste between managed applications is totally        secured by using a parallel, hidden, encrypted pasteboard.    -   2. Synchronization with an unsecure pasteboard allows a user to        copy and paste data from an unsecure app into a secure app, but        not vice versa.    -   3. Copy and paste functionality can be completely blocked based        on management policies set by a system administrator.

Additionally, depending on settings of particular management policies,applications within a set of managed applications can be constrained toexchange files and/or data only with other managed applications withinthe set. In some arrangements, API calls from a managed application areintercepted by injected (or wrapped) code which operates to ‘contain’the application. A particular management policy is read, and theoperation specified by the API call is either blocked or alloweddepending on the settings in the management policy. Because themanagement policy has a record of all applications in the set of managedapplications, the application, by reading the management policy, cantest whether the requested operation of the API call involves anapplication inside or outside the set, and allow or block activityaccordingly. Thus, based on management policy settings, movement of datacan be restricted such that data within the set of managed applicationsis not comingled with data outside the managed set.

It is understood that a process of intercepting an API call, consultingan application's management policy, and allowing or blocking theoperation specified by the API call based on the management policy canbe carried out in a number of contexts. In one example, the aboveprocess can be applied for selecting a set of applications on the mobiledevice that can be used to open a file or data element identified by alink or icon (e.g., using Open-In). In another example, the aboveprocess can be applied for copying data or data objects from oneapplication and pasting the data or data objects into anotherapplication (e.g., via a hidden, encrypted paste buffer). In yet anotherexample, the above process can be applied for moving files into and/orout of a protected file vault. Essentially, any operation used to movedata into and/or out of an application can make use of the abovetechniques.

On mobile operating systems, such as iOS, Android, and Windows 8, eachapplication runs in its own sandbox. These apps use a very high levelcontent sharing mechanism like Open In in iOS, Intents/activities inAndroid and Charms in Windows8. On a BYOD (bring your own device) mobiledevice, it will have a mix of managed and un-managed/personalapplications running on the device. Here, we focus on how to enable datasharing among the managed set of applications.

On modern mobile operating systems like iOS, the file system is notreally exposed to the end user by design to hide complexity. The focusis rather on the applications and the data they handle.

There are many ways data can move in and out of the device. Primaryexamples include email, cloud storage resources (e.g., ShareFile®,DropBox, GoogleDocs, Box), browsers, etc. Then the data needs to bemoved among the managed applications to get actual work done.

In FIG. 31D, all of the displayed apps are managed applications, i.e.,members of the set 1 of managed applications.

To keep data moving among only managed applications, the Open In listprovided to the application is filtered by intercepting the call andpresenting to the application only the set of managed applications whichcan handle that particular file format. The same technique is extendedto Mail To option where the URL scheme used for Mail To could beintercepted and presented with the option of Mail To with only a managedmail application as shown in FIG. 31D.

This way, even the managed applications could be forced to Save to onlythe managed data sharing applications, like ShareFile®, DropBox,GoogleDocs, Box.

By using above interception and filtering technique, data flow in andout of the device as well as on the device is limited to the managedsecure space. The same techniques could be easily extended to Androidand Windows 8.

The drawing above presents a 3 app scenario: a corporate emailapplication, a cloud storage resource, and a pdf annotation application.A user may wish to get a file from the cloud storage resource, annotateit with the PDF annotator, and pass it to the corporate email. This canbe made to work because these are all in the managed set. But it is alsonecessary to prevent the file from going through private email, or topass for viewing to other apps that are not part of the managed set (andtherefore trusted).

In general, there is no comingling of trusted apps and others, butcomingling depends on management policy. An admin on the EMM server canset management policies for any task of managed application toallow/disallow features. It is possible that a management policy couldallow one to export a file from the PDF annotator to an app outside themanaged set, but then control over the of PDF file would be lost.

The general concept is that an admin sets the management policies of themanaged applications, with default settings being to contain data withinthe managed set of trusted apps. The management policies are dynamicallydelivered from the EMM server. However, exceptions can be provided,e.g., to allow content to leak out from the managed set, when businessconcerns dictate it.

It is understood that for apps that are not part of the managed set,there is no interference with normal activities, i.e., they areunrestricted.

In an example, each application in the managed set creates its own VPNback to the EMM server. The EMM client (e.g., a Citrix client agent)logs onto EMM server and negotiates to construct a secure tunnel. Eachapplication supports its own VPN tunnel to the EMM server. Apps canconnect directly to services on EMM server through VPN tunnel, withoutrequiring communications to pass through the EMM Client.

Improved techniques involve imposing control over managed applicationswhich have been derived from unmanaged applications. Once the managedapplications have been installed on electronic equipment such aselectronic mobile devices, the managed applications operate based onmanagement policies which are updated locally on the mobile devices in aroutine manner.

For example, an application source such as an app store, a softwaredeveloper, etc. may operate as a repository of unmanaged apps (i.e.,applications which are not under local management policy control). Anunmanaged app from the application source is then decompiled, augmentedwith a set of instructions that impose control based on a set ofmanagement policies, and then recompiled to form a managed application.The managed application is then offered through an application source(e.g., the same app store, a different app store, an enterpriseapplication server, etc.) for use by mobile devices.

Once the managed application is installed on a mobile device, themanaged application accesses, and operates in accordance with, a set ofmanagement policies which are separately maintained on the mobiledevice. Additionally, the managed application may request an updated setof management policies from the application source and operate inaccordance with the updated set of management policies over time and ina routine manner.

FIG. 32 shows an electronic environment which is suitable for use. Theelectronic environment includes an application source, a softwareconverting equipment running a specialized software utility, anapplication store server, and a mobile device (e.g., a smart phone, atablet, etc.).

It should be understood that the application source and the applicationstore server are shown as separate apparatus although, in somearrangements, they may be the same apparatus. In some arrangements,users of mobile devices purchase managed applications from theapplication store server, and the application store server operates asboth a vehicle for distributing the managed applications as well as amanagement policy server for distributing management policies whichcontrol how the managed applications operate on the mobile devices.

It should be understood that the various apparatus of the electronicenvironment are computerized and communicate via electronic signals. Forexample, each computerized apparatus may include a communicationsinterface to connect to a communications medium such as a network,memory to cache and/or persistently store information, and processingcircuitry to execute an operating system and local applications.

During operation, the conversion equipment runs a specialized softwareutility which receives an unmanaged app from a software source (see step1). The conversion equipment, when running in accordance with thespecialized software utility, decompiles the unmanaged app into humanreadable source code. Then, the conversion equipment modifies the humanreadable source code to include management policy control features. Inparticular, the conversion equipment is constructed and arranged toanalyze (e.g., scan and identify) activities and appropriate locationsto inject management policy-based control instructions into the humanreadable source code. The conversion equipment then recompiles the humanreadable source code to form a managed app.

The application store server then loads the managed apps from theconversion equipment (see step 2) thus making the managed app availablefor distribution. Additionally, an administrator provides managementpolicies which control the operation of the managed apps, and suchmanagement policies are also made available on the application storeserver for distribution.

Users of mobile devices are able to browse apps offered by theapplication store server via application store apps installed on themobile devices. When a user of a mobile device wishes to acquire amanaged app (e.g., via a purchase), the user directs the applicationstore app on the mobile device to request the managed app (see step 3).The application store server response to the app request by providingthe managed app to the mobile device (see step 4).

The user then installs the managed app on the mobile device (see step).Such installation may be automatically triggered by the applicationstore app (e.g., the application store app automatically directs theoperating system to install the managed app), or manually coordinated bythe user.

When the user initially invokes the managed app, the manage appcommunicates with the application store app to obtain a set ofmanagement policies (see step 6). Such a set of management policies mayhave been provided to the application store app from the applicationstore server during purchase. However, if the set of management policiesis not present, the application store app sends a management policyrequest to the application store server for a set of management policies(see step 7). In response to the management policy request, theapplication store server provides the set of management policies to themobile device (see step 8). It should be understood that the set ofmanagement policies and the managed app are separate softwareconstructs.

At this point, the managed app is able to run in accordance with the setof management policies and thus enable the user to perform useful work(see step 9). Along these lines, the set of management policies maydictate times in which the managed app is to request an updated set ofmanagement policies. For example, the set of management policies maydirect the managed app to obtain a new set of management policies daily,every two or three days, and so on.

When the managed app requires a new set of management policies, themanaged app signals the application store app to retrieve the new set ofmanagement policies from the application store server (see step 6again). That is, the application store app operates as a proxy andobtains the new set of management policies from the application storeserver on behalf of the managed app. In some arrangements, the mobiledevice runs multiple managed apps, and the same application store appcommunicates with the application store server on behalf of each managedapp. One embodiment is directed to a method of generating a managedapplication from an unmanaged application. The method includesreceiving, by processing circuitry, an unmanaged application from anapplication source, the unmanaged application being constructed andarranged to execute on a mobile device. The method further includesdecompiling, by the processing circuitry, the unmanaged application intounmanaged source code which is human readable and editable. The methodfurther includes adding, by the processing circuitry, a set ofmanagement policy-based control instructions to the unmanaged sourcecode to form managed source code, the set of management policy-basedcontrol instructions being constructed and arranged to providemanagement policy-based control. The method further includes compiling,by the processing circuitry, the managed source code to form a managedapplication which, when executed on a mobile device, is constructed andarranged to access and operate in accordance with a set of managementpolicies which is separately stored on the mobile device.

Examples of suitable processing circuitry includes particular hardwareof various software development platforms such as servers, generalpurpose computers, client workstations, and so on. Such platforms may beequipped with various software development tools including compilers,linkers, libraries, editors, debuggers, other runtime environment andtest utilities, and so on.

Another embodiment is directed to a method of operating an electronicmobile device. The method includes receiving, by a processor of theelectronic mobile device, a managed application from an applicationserver during a first communication, the managed application beingconstructed and arranged to access and operate in accordance with a setof management policies. The method further includes receiving, by theprocessor, the set of management policies from the application serverduring a second communication which is different than the firstcommunication, the set of management policies being stored on theelectronic mobile device separately from the managed application. Themethod further includes running, by the processor, the managedapplication on the mobile device, the managed application accessing andoperating in accordance with the set of management policies which isstored on the electronic mobile device separately from the managedapplication.

Other embodiments are directed to electronic systems and apparatus,processing circuits, computer program products, and so on. Someembodiments are directed to various processes, electronic components andcircuitry which are involved in generating, deploying and operatingmanaged apps derived from unmanaged apps.

While various embodiments of the present disclosure have beenparticularly shown and described, it will be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes in form and details may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure asdefined by the appended claims.

For example, it should be understood that mobile devices allow users topurchase and download applications for their device from an external WebSite or Service commonly referred to as an application store (e.g.,StoreFront). The application that browses these application storeservices may be known as an application store app or storefrontapplication. Once the application store app has downloaded and installedan application, typically management of that application may cease. Forexample, loss of entitlement to the application, or changes to theallowed uses of the application, may not be maintained or enforced. Oncethe application is installed on a device, the enterprise or corporationthat distributed it may lose the ability to control access to theapplication.

Many vendors offer conventional solutions that manage the entire device.For example, a user wishing to install managed applications must firstenroll their device into a corporate Mobile Device Management system(MDM). These MDM services usually require strict adherence to corporatesecurity management policies, forcing the user to comply if they want toinstall the applications. In addition, by enrolling their device in anMDM system, often times the user must relinquish his/her control overcertain aspects of their device, such as the ability to not have apasscode or password set.

Many employees would prefer to use their own devices but withoutenrolling their device in some MDM service. Accordingly, what is neededis a way for Corporations to manage Applications on unmanaged devices.

Improved techniques discussed within this disclosure provide a means bywhich a corporation can add management to applications and distributethose applications to unmanaged devices.

Some techniques are directed to a system and method for addingmanagement to applications that are to be distributed to unmanageddevices. The system includes an Application running on a mobile devicethat acts as an application store app for downloading and installingother applications from one or more Sites or Services acting as anapplication store. The system further includes a Software Utility, whichtakes as input an unmanaged application and outputs the same applicationwith additional management software added. The system further includes aset of security management policies or rules that control how themanaged application is expected to operate.

Some techniques are directed to methods which involve an administratorgenerating a managed application by submitting an unmanaged applicationto the Software Utility. The method includes the Software Utilitydecompiling the original application into byte code. The method furtherincludes modification of the byte code to inject the management softwareand components. The method further includes recompiling the modifiedapplication into a new and managed version of the application. Themethod further includes the managed application being posted to anapplication store and made available for download and install by theapplication store app. The method further includes the managedapplication periodically contacting the application store app to confirmentitlement and to refresh the security management policies.

Some improved techniques provide a means for an enterprise to providemanaged applications to unmanaged devices, alleviating the need toenroll the device into Mobile Device Management Systems. Some improvedtechniques provide a means by which an Enterprise can distribute andcontrol access to specific applications and data on devices that are notin its direct control, even if those applications were originallywritten with no management software included.

Some techniques are directed to a Software Utility (and associatedmethods) which dynamically injects management code into existingunmanaged applications. In this way, even applications that wereoriginally developer without any management software can be added to thelist of Enterprise Managed applications.

Furthermore, the application store app now acts as an Authentication andSecurity Management Policy management application. This extends theintent and use for a conventional storefront application in an improvedway, allowing for management of specific applications on unmanageddevices.

Alternative conventional approaches usually involve either devicemanagement (where the entire device is enrolled into a managementsystem) or rewriting applications with specific management componentsadded as part of the core design of the application. However, with theabove-described improved techniques, control may be imposed anddynamically updated via management policies which are routinely deployedlocally to the mobile devices to direct the operation of the managedapps.

Enterprise Application Storefront

As described above with reference to FIG. 5, an enterprise mobilitytechnical architecture may include an application store. An enterpriseapplication store interface may, for example, generate one or more userinterfaces and/or cause the one or more user interfaces to be displayed(e.g., on a mobile device, such as the computing device from which theidentity credential was received). In one or more arrangements, theenterprise application store interface may enable a user, such as a userof a mobile device who may be accessing the enterprise application storeto browse and/or download various applications. The enterpriseapplication store interface may, for instance, be configured by one ormore administrative users to include various features that may bespecific to the organization or other enterprise that has deployedand/or is implementing the enterprise application store. For example,the enterprise application store interface may include a listing of oneor more applications that are available to (and/or have been chosen,recommended, and/or licensed for) employees of the organization orenterprise (and/or other enterprise users who may be otherwiseaffiliated with the organization or enterprise). In addition, the one ormore applications that are presented to a particular user (e.g., in alisting of applications included in the enterprise application storeinterface) may be selected by the enterprise application store based onthe identity of the user. In some instances, an enterprise applicationstore interface that is presented to a first user by an enterpriseapplication store (which may, e.g., be provided by a first organizationto employees and/or other users affiliated with the organization) mayinclude a first set of applications, while an enterprise applicationstore interface that is presented to a second user (who may, e.g., bedifferent from the first user in terms of identity, role, etc.) by theenterprise application store may include a second set of applicationsdifferent from the first set of applications. For instance, the secondset of applications may include one or more applications that areselected by the enterprise application store for the second user basedon a determination, by the enterprise application store, that theapplication(s) are recommended for and/or more appropriate for thesecond user (e.g., and perhaps not for the first user).

A request for an application may be received. For example, theenterprise application store may receive a request for a softwareapplication. For instance, the enterprise application store may receivea request from a computing device to download and/or otherwise provide aparticular application that is available in the enterprise applicationstore to the computing device. Such a request may, for instance, bereceived based on a user of the computing device (which may, e.g., be amobile device, such as a smart phone, tablet computer, or other mobilecomputing device) selecting and/or requesting to download a particularapplication from the enterprise application store using the enterpriseapplication store interface.

The application may be configured for operation at the computing device.For example, the enterprise application store may configure the softwareapplication based on credentials received from the computing device. Inconfiguring the application, the enterprise application store may, forinstance, establish one or more user-specific settings, apply one ormore management policies, and/or otherwise modify generic and/or defaultsettings of the application to be provided based on, e.g., receivedcredentials as well as the identity, access rights, and/or privileges ofthe user.

For instance, in some embodiments, configuring the software applicationmay include establishing one or more user-specific settings. Forexample, various application-specific settings may be defined and/orstored (e.g., for certain users with respect to various differentapplications) in one or more data sources, and in establishinguser-specific settings, the enterprise application store may look up,access, and/or otherwise obtain these settings from the one or more datasources based on information or credentials received from the user. Forinstance, the enterprise application store may use the informationand/or credentials to authenticate with the one or more data sources andto identify the particular user's application-specific settings (e.g.,based on the user identity) in the one or more data sources.

Some examples of the user-specific settings that may be established bythe enterprise application store include user account settings that maybe set for a particular application (e.g., an email client, a webbrowser, document management software, etc.), network and/or connectionsettings that may be set for a particular application (e.g., an emailclient, a web browser, etc.), custom dictionary settings that may be setfor a particular application (e.g., a word processor, an email client,etc.), custom view and/or display settings that may be set for aparticular application (e.g., a word processor, a spreadsheet tool, anemail client, document management software, etc.). Other examples of theuser-specific settings that may be established by the enterpriseapplication stored based on an identity credential include userinterface settings (e.g., color settings, theme settings, etc.),language settings, time zone settings, currency settings, and/or othersettings. While these examples illustrate some of the types of settingsthat may be established in some embodiments, as well as some of thetypes of applications for which some settings may be established, inadditional and/or alternative embodiments, any other types ofuser-specific settings may be established for any of these and/or othertypes of applications.

In some embodiments, in configuring the software application, theapplication store may minimally configure an application, andsubsequently, in providing the application to the recipient device, theapplication store may provide the minimally configured application tothe recipient device. In some instances, a minimally configuredapplication may be an application that has not been fully configured bythe enterprise application store before it is provided to the recipientdevice. In other instances, in minimally configuring the application,the application store may, for example, establish one or more settingsthat may be essential to enabling functionality of the application(e.g., network and/or connection settings for a browser application oremail client application) without establishing one or more settings thatmay be non-essential to enabling such functionality (e.g., color themesettings and/or other user interface settings for the browserapplication or email client application). In one or more arrangements,the non-essential settings instead may be established (and the applyingmay be fully configured) on the recipient device at runtime (e.g., whenthe application is executed, for instance, on the mobile device) and/orafter runtime (e.g., as may be needed as a particular aspect of theapplication is invoked).

In some embodiments, the configured software application that isprovided to the recipient device may be a stub application thatcorresponds to a virtualized application. For example, the stubapplication may provide a container or a client agent (which may, e.g.,be provided on a user computing device) for a virtualized applicationthat is executed on one or more remote servers and/or devices. Inconfiguring such a stub application, the enterprise application storemay establish one or more settings that facilitate execution of thevirtualized application for the particular user (e.g., user accountsettings for the virtualized application and/or a virtualizationplatform, network and/or connecting settings for the virtualizedapplication and/or a virtualization platform, etc.).

In some embodiments, the enterprise application store may alsoautomatically provide applications to a device. For example, ininstances in which the enterprise application store determines thatcertain devices and/or users are in need of certain applications (e.g.,based on download history information for various applications andusers, based on update and/or version history information for variousapplications and/or users, based on information provided by on-devicemonitoring agents for various devices and/or users, etc.), theenterprise application store may automatically provide the one or moreneeded applications to a particular device and/or user responsive to adetermination that the user or device needs the application (e.g.,without the user of such a device manually selecting to download theparticular needed applications). Additional aspects regarding theenterprise application store will be appreciated with the benefit ofthis disclosure.

Operation of Applications and Devices Having Multiple Operation Modes inan Orchestration Framework for Connected Devices

Systems and methods for cross-device coordination are described above aswell as systems and methods for managing enterprise resources atcomputing devices. It will thus be appreciated with the benefit of thisdisclosure that a user may desire to interconnect both managed andunmanaged computing devices via an orchestration framework such that thecomputing devices can interact in a coordinated way to perform at leasta portion of a computing activity. In addition, a set of interconnectedand coordinated devices may include both managed and unmanagedapplications. Therefore, a need exists for managing computing devices,applications, and other enterprise resources that are configurable tooperate in a managed or an unmanaged mode.

FIGS. 33-37 illustrate flowcharts of example method steps for managinginteractions between interconnected computing devices based on theoperation mode of the computing devices. In particular, FIGS. 33-35illustrate respective flowcharts 3300, 3400, and 3500 of example methodsteps for transferring content between computing devices based on theoperation mode of the computing device. FIG. 36 is a flowchart 3600 ofexample method steps for determining whether to permit a computingdevice to copy to or paste from a virtual clipboard based on theoperation mode of the computing device. FIG. 37 is a flowchart 3700 ofexample method steps for identifying a set of computing devicesavailable for selection as a destination computing device to transfercontent to. The various steps illustrated in the flowcharts of FIGS.33-37 are described in further detail below. It will also be appreciatedthat the steps are shown by way of example only and that the principlesdisclosed in the flowcharts may be similarly applicable to applicationsresiding at the computing devices and the operation modes of theapplications.

As described above, a user may utilize an orchestration framework totransfer content from one computing device associated with the user toanother computing device associated with the user. The content may alsobe transferred between computing devices in a peer-to-peer fashion. Asdescribed above, content transferred between computing devices mayinclude document-based content, image-based content, video-basedcontent, audio-based content, and web-based content. When theorchestration framework facilitates the transfer of the content betweencomputing devices, the orchestration framework may determine whethertransfer of content between computing devices is permitted based onoperation mode which may include, e.g., a managed operation mode, anunmanaged operation mode, and a partially managed operation mode.

Whether and how the content is allowed to be transferred from onecomputing device (the originating computing device) to another computingdevice (the destination computing device) may depend on the operationmode of the originating computing device and the operation mode of thedestination computing device Likewise, the transfer of content from theoriginating computing device to the destination computing device mayalso depend on the operation mode of an originating applicationinstalled at the originating computing device and a destinationapplication installed at the destination computing device. The transferof content between computing devices may further depend on the operationmodes of both the computing devices and the applications.

For example, if the originating computing device is in a managedoperation mode, the orchestration framework may determine that transferof the content to a destination device that is also in a managedoperation mode is permitted. In this way, an enterprise may retaincontrol over the content at both the originating computing device andthe destination computing device. In a similar fashion, if the contentis transferred from a managed application at the originating computingdevice, then the orchestration framework may determine transfer of thecontent to an application that is also in a managed operation mode atthe destination computing device is permitted. If the orchestrationframework determines transfer of the content between the computingdevices based on operation mode is permitted, then the orchestrationframework may initiate and facilitate the transfer of the content asdescribed above. In a peer-to-peer communication context, theorchestration agent at the computing device may determine whethertransfer of the content to another computing device is permitted andinitiate and facilitate the transfer in response to a determination thatthe transfer is permitted. The orchestration framework (or orchestrationagent) may initiate and facilitate the transfer of content by providingone or more instructions to the computing device selected to receive thecontent, e.g., to the orchestration agent or the application resolver ofthe destination computing device.

If the orchestration framework (or orchestration agent) determines thatthe transfer is not permitted, then the orchestration framework mayblock the transfer. The orchestration framework may block the transferby, e.g., denying a request to initiate the transfer, refrain frominitiating the transfer, or otherwise prevent the transfer fromoccurring by carrying out some action or not carrying out some action.

In some example implementations, the transfer of content betweencomputing devices may be permitted when the computing devices are bothin the same operation mode. For example, if both computing devices arein a managed operation mode, then the transfer of content between thosedevices may be permitted. Similarly, if both computing devices are in anunmanaged operation mode, then the transfer of content between thosedevices may be permitted. In other example implementations, the transferof content between computing devices may not be permitted where eachcomputing device is configured with a different operation mode. Forexample, the transfer of content between computing devices may not bepermitted where one of the computing devices is in a managed (orpartially managed) operation mode and one of the computing devices is inan unmanaged operation mode.

In further example implementations, however, transfer of content betweencomputing devices having different operation modes may be permitteddepending on which device is the originating computing device and whichdevice is the destination computing device. In particular, transfer ofcontent from an originating computing device in an unmanaged operationmode to a destination computing device in a managed (or partiallymanaged) operation mode may be permitted. This may be because contentresiding at an unmanaged computing device has not been designated assensitive content and thus may be received at, utilized by, access by,and presented by either a managed, partially managed, or unmanagedcomputing device. In contrast, transfer of content from an originatingcomputing device in a managed (or partially managed) operation mode to adestination computing device in an unmanaged operation mode may not bepermitted.

The principles described above are similarly applicable to theapplications residing at the same or different computing devices.Transfer of content from applications that are each in the sameoperation mode may be permitted while transfer of content fromapplications in different operation modes may not be permitted.Additionally, transfer of content from an unmanaged application to amanaged (or partially managed) application may be permitted whiletransfer of content from a managed (or partially managed) application toan unmanaged application may not be permitted.

In some example implementations, the orchestration framework mayinstruct the destination device or destination application to changeoperation modes before initiating and facilitating the transfer of thecontent. For example, if the originating device is in a managedoperation mode and the orchestration framework determines that thedestination device is in an unmanaged operation mode, then theorchestration framework may provide an instruction to the destinationdevice instructing the destination device to change its operation modeto the managed operation mode. The orchestration framework may similarlyinstruct the destination application to change the operation mode of thedestination application from an unmanaged operation mode to a managedoperation mode.

As also described above, the orchestration framework may provide avirtual clipboard that enables computing devices to share and transfercontent by copying to and pasting from the virtual clipboard. Whether acomputing device or application has access to the virtual clipboard mayalso depend on the managed operation mode of the computing device orapplication. If the computing device or application is in an unmanagedmode, for example, then a request to copy content to the virtualclipboard may be denied. In this way, the orchestration framework (ororchestration agent) may block the computing device or application fromcopying to the virtual clipboard. In a similar fashion, a request topaste content from the virtual clipboard may be denied in response to adetermination that the computing device or application is in theunmanaged mode. In this way, the orchestration framework (ororchestration agent) may block the computing device or application frompasting from the virtual clipboard. If, however, the computing device orapplication is in a managed operation mode, then the orchestrationframework (or orchestration agent) may permit the computing device orapplication to copy content to the virtual clipboard and paste contentfrom the virtual clipboard. A partially managed operation mode may, insome example implementations, be treated as a managed operation modewhen making the various determinations described above.

As described in detail above, a user at a first computing device mayselect content (e.g., a video) to be shared. Having selected thecontent, the user may then select a second computing device (e.g., adisplay screen) to transfer the content to. The first computing devicemay then submit to the orchestration framework a request to transfer thecontent. The request may identify the content to transfer as well as thecomputing device to transfer the content to. As described above, theorchestration framework may determine whether the content is permittedto be transferred to the identified computing device and initiate andfacilitate the transfer of content in response to a determination thatthe transfer is permitted.

The user may select the destination computing device or application froma list of computing devices or a list of applications presented to theuser at the first computing device. In some example implementations, thelist of computing devices or applications may include each computingdevice and application associated with and accessible by the firstcomputing device. In other example implementations, the list ofcomputing devices or list of applications may be dynamically determinedbased on the operation mode of the first computing device or anapplication at the first computing device. For example, theorchestration framework may determine that the first computing device isin a managed operation mode and notify the first computing device of theother computing devices and applications that are also in a managedoperation mode. In this way, the list of computing devices andapplications presented to the user as available for selection as adestination for the content includes only those computing devices andapplications that the first computing devices is permitted to transfercontent to.

The orchestration framework may also be configured to initiate launch ofan application that is capable of presenting the content at thedestination computing device, e.g., via the application resolver. Theorchestration framework may also provide an instruction to the secondcomputing device instructing the second computing device to configurethe application in one of the operation modes. For example, theorchestration framework may receive a request to transfer content fromthe first computing device to the second computing device and determinethat the first computing device is in a managed operation mode. Theorchestration framework may thus instruct the second computing device toconfigure the application to also be in the managed operation modebefore initiating and facilitating transfer of the content. In someexample implementations, the orchestration framework may block launch ofan application at the second computing device in response to adetermination that the first computing device and the second computingdevice are in different operation modes.

It will be appreciated that the steps set forth by way of example inFIGS. 33-37 may be similarly applicable with respect to functionality ofapplications at the computing devices. In particular, a user mayinitiate a computing activity at one application residing at a computingdevice and request via the orchestration framework that a portion ofthat computing activity be performed by another application at anothercomputing device. The orchestration framework may determine whether tofulfill the request based on the operation modes of the applications.The orchestration framework may not fulfill the request unless eachapplication is in the same operation mode, e.g., unless bothapplications are in a managed operation mode or unless both applicationsare in an unmanaged operation mode. In some example implementations,therefore, the orchestration framework may permit the second applicationto perform at least a portion of the activity where each of theapplications are in the same operation mode. In these exampleimplementations, the orchestration framework may not permit, block, orotherwise prevent the second application from performing at least aportion of the computing activity when the respective operation modes ofthe first and second application are different.

In other example implementations, the orchestration framework mayfulfill the request and permit the second application to perform atleast a portion of the computing activity where the first application isin an unmanaged operation mode and the second application is in amanaged operation mode. The orchestration may also determine whether topermit the second application to perform at least a portion of thecomputing activity based on the respective operation modes of the firstand second computing devices.

Moreover, the orchestration framework may configure correspondingapplications at respective computing devices based on the operationmodes of the computing devices. If a first computing device includes anapplication and a second computing device includes a matchingapplication, then the orchestration framework may enable or disablefunctionality of the applications based on the operation mode of one ofthe applications or based on the operation mode of one of the computingdevices. For example, the orchestration framework may determine that thefirst application is in a managed operation mode and identify enabledfunctionality and disabled functionality at the first application. Theorchestration framework, in this example, may then enable and disablethe same functionality of the second application at the second computingdevice. The orchestration framework may also set the operation mode ofthe second application to match the operation mode of the firstapplication. Moreover, the orchestration framework may enable or disablefunctionality of an application based on the operation mode of acomputing device at which the application resides.

To provide a specific example, two computing devices may beinterconnected via the orchestration framework, and each computingdevice may include a document editing application. The document editingapplication at one of the computing devices may be in a managedoperation mode, and a save feature of the document editing applicationmay be disabled. The orchestration framework may thus set the operationmode of the other document editing application at the other computingdevice to the managed operation mode and also disable the save featureof the other document editing application. Additional and alternativeexamples will be appreciated.

The orchestration framework may maintain a management policy thatgoverns the transfer of content between devices. The management policymay indicate, for example, contexts in which transfer of the content isor is not permitted, launch of an application should or should not beperformed, and so forth.

Managing Dynamic Management Policies and Settings in an OrchestrationFramework for Connected Devices

In addition to systems and methods for cross-device coordination, thedescription above also describes aspects of device management policiesas well as application management policies. Aspects of device managementand application management may thus also be applied in the context ofcomputing devices interconnected via an orchestration framework thatcoordinates operation of a computing activity across the interconnecteddevices. Device management and application management may be performedwhen the devices are connected through an orchestration framework orwhen the devices are connected in a peer-to-peer fashion.

FIGS. 38-41 illustrate flowcharts of example method steps for obtainingmanagement policies and applying the management policies to manage theinteractions between the computing devices. In particular, FIG. 38 is aflowchart 3800 of example method steps for obtaining a management policyand distributing the management policy among interconnected computingdevices. FIG. 39 is a flowchart 3900 of example method steps forapplying a management policy to determine whether a computing device ispermitted to access an enterprise resource, share that enterpriseresource with another computing device, and transfer content from theenterprise resource to the other computing device. FIG. 40 is aflowchart 4000 of example method steps for applying a management policyto manage the transfer of content between interconnected computingdevices. FIG. 41 is a flowchart 4100 of example method steps forapplying a management policy to determine whether a user is permitted toconnect a new computing device via the orchestration framework. Thevarious steps illustrated in the flowcharts of FIGS. 38-41 are describedin further detail below. It will also be appreciated that the steps areshown by way of example only and that the principles disclosed in theflowcharts may be similarly applicable to applications residing at thecomputing devices and the use of management policies to controloperation of the of the applications.

In general, an orchestration framework may be configured to connectcomputing devices and manage the interaction between those computingdevices such that computing activities are coordinated across theinterconnected computing devices. The orchestration framework maymaintain and apply a management policy that governs the interactionbetween the computing devices. The management policy may indicate thecontexts in which various interactions are permitted and the contexts inwhich various interactions are not permitted. In particular, theorchestration framework may apply the management policy in response toreceipt of a request from a first computing device to interact with asecond computing device. Through the management policy, theorchestration framework may determine whether a requested interaction isor is not permitted. If the management policy indicates that therequested interaction is permitted, then the orchestration framework mayapprove the request and initiate and facilitate the interaction. If,however, the management policy indicates that the requested interactionis not permitted, then the orchestration framework may deny the requestand block or prevent the interaction between the computing devices. Asshown above, interaction may include, e.g., the transfer of content fromone computing device to a second computing device. The orchestrationframework may initiate and facilitate the interaction by providing oneor more instructions to the computing devices, e.g., to the respectiveapplication resolvers or corresponding orchestration agents at thecomputing devices.

In some example implementations, the management policy may indicatewhether a computing device may access an enterprise resource, share theenterprise resource with another computing device, or transfer contentto another computing device. If the management policy indicates that afirst computing device is permitted to access or share the enterpriseresource or transfer content to another computing device, then theorchestration framework may permit and facilitate the access or sharingof the enterprise resource or the transfer of the content. If, however,the management policy indicates that the first computing device is notpermitted to access or share the enterprise resource or transfer thecontent, then the orchestration framework may block or otherwise preventthe access or sharing of the enterprise resource or transfer of thecontent. For example, the management policy may permit a computingdevice of a first type to access an enterprise resource but not permit acomputing device of a second type to access the enterprise resource. Asanother example, the management policy may permit a computing device toshare the enterprise resource with another computing device of a firsttype but not permit the computing device to share the enterpriseresource with another computing device of a second type. As a furtherexample, the management policy may permit a computing device to transfercontent to another computing device of a first type but not permit thecomputing device to transfer content to another computing device of asecond type. Device type may be based on, e.g., the type of machine(desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, mobile phone,etc.), the operating system at the device (iOS, Android, etc.), andother device-based criteria.

In addition, the management policy may indicate whether content ispermitted to be transferred between computing devices based on contenttype. Content type may include, e.g., a document content type, an imagecontent type, an audio content type, a video content type, and a webcontent type. As an example, the management policy may permit acomputing device to transfer video content to a large display screen andmay not permit video content to be transferred to a mobile phone.

Furthermore, the management policy may indicate whether an applicationis permitted to be launched at one of the computing devices connected tothe orchestration framework (e.g., via a cloud server using aclient-server communication session between orchestration agents using apeer-to-peer communication session). If, for example, the orchestrationframework receives a request to transfer content from a first computingdevice to a second computing device, the orchestration framework mayidentify an application at the second computing device that is capableof presenting the content. The orchestration framework may thendetermine whether the management policy permits the application to belaunched at the second computing device. If the management policypermits the application to be launched at the second computing device,then the orchestration framework may initiate launch of the applicationat the second computing device. If, however, the management policy doesnot permit the application to be launched at the second computingdevice, then the orchestration framework may block or otherwise preventlaunch of the application at the second computing device. Theorchestration framework may notify the first computing device that therequest was denied so that the first computing device may select a newcomputing device to transfer the content to if desired.

In some example implementations, the management policy may indicate aclass of applications that are or are not permitted to be launched at acomputing device. Accordingly, the orchestration framework may initiatelaunch of an application of a first application class when themanagement policy indicates that applications in that application classare permitted to be launched at a computing device. The orchestrationframework may also block or otherwise prevent launch of an applicationin a second application class when the management policy indicates thatthe applications in that application class are not permitted to belaunched at the computing device. As an example the management policymay indicate that all applications capable of presenting video contentare not permitted to be launched at a computing device.

Also in some example implementations, the management policy may includerules that apply to all interconnected computing devices as well asmanagement policies that apply to individual computing devices. Forexample, the management policy may indicate that all computing devicesare not permitted to launch a web browser application. As anotherexample, the management policy may indicate that a specific computingdevice is not permitted to launch a video application. The managementpolicy may identify the computing devices using a unique identifierassociated with the computing device such as an IP address or MACaddress. Furthermore, the rules of the management policy may indicatewhether computing devices are permitted to interact based on the userassociated with the interconnected computing devices or a user roleassociated with a user. For example, the management policy may indicatethat all of the computing devices associated with a particular user arenot permitted present audio content. Examples of user roles may include,e.g., presenter, participant, listener, etc. The management policy maythus indicate the interactions that are or are not permitted based onuser role. As another example, the management policy may permit a userassigned the user role of presenter to transfer content betweeninterconnected devices but not permit a user assigned the user role oflistener to transfer content between interconnected devices.

If the management policy indicates that an application is not permittedto be launched at a computing device, the orchestration framework may beconfigured to initiate a client agent at the computing device instead ofthe application. The orchestration framework may also initiateconfiguration of the client agent with a virtual application that iscapable of presenting the transferred content. In this way, theorchestration framework may facilitate the transfer and presentation ofcontent at a computing device that is not permitted to launch a nativeapplication to present the content.

Additionally or alternatively, the orchestration framework may attemptto locate a computing device that is capable of presenting the contentand that the management policy permits to present the content. If, forexample, the management policy indicates that a selected computingdevice is not permitted to present the content, then the orchestrationframework may initiate an attempt to locate a computing device at whichto present the content instead. The orchestration framework maydetermine whether a replacement computing device includes an applicationthat is capable of presenting the content and whether the managementpolicy permits the replacement computing device to present the content.If the orchestration framework locates a replacement computing devicethat is capable of and permitted to present the content, then theorchestration framework may initiate the transfer of the content to thereplacement computing device as described above.

The orchestration framework may also provide a management interface thatincludes various controls that allow an administrative user to create,modify, and delete management policies. The controls of the managementinterface may also allow an administrative user to create, modify, anddelete respective rules for the various management policies maintainedby the orchestration framework. The management interface may beimplemented as, e.g., a desktop application, a mobile application, aweb-based application, and the like.

In addition to managing the interactions between devices, the managementpolicy may be used to manage the interconnection of devices to theorchestration framework or the interconnection of devices in apeer-to-peer fashion. In this regard, the management policy may indicatea maximum number of devices that a single user may interconnect. If theuser requests interconnection of a device that would exceed the maximumpermitted number of devices, then the request may be denied, and theuser may be prevented from interconnecting the additional device.Similarly, the management policy may indicate whether a user ispermitted to interconnect a device based on device type. For example,the management policy may indicate that the user is permitted tointerconnect a tablet computer but not permitted to interconnect amobile phone. As mentioned above, the management policy may indicate thetypes of interactions a user is permitted to perform and the types ofinteractions a user is not permitted to perform. For example, themanagement policy may indicate whether or not a user is permitted totransfer content to another computing device and whether the user ispermitted to receive transferred content from another computing device.The management policy may include rules that are globally applicable toall users, to users of a particular user role or group, to individualusers, and combinations of such.

The management policy may also be configured with rules regardingdevices located at a common physical location. As described above,during a meeting a set of devices may be interconnected to help conductthe meeting. As noted above, an orchestration framework may interconnectthe devices at the common meeting room location, and such devices mayinclude, e.g., a television display for presenting video content, amobile phone device to act as a speaker and present video content, andtablet computing devices for presenting a slide presentation. In thisexample context, the management policy may include rules indicating thatcomputing devices determined to be at a common physical location arepermitted to interact while computing devices that are not located atthe common physical location are not permitted to interact. Themanagement criteria may utilize the location of a computing device incombination with other criteria described above. For example, themanagement policy may indicate that even though a device is not locatedat the same location as the other devices connected to the orchestrationframework, the computing device is permitted to interact with the otherdevices if the computing device is associated with a specific user or auser have a specific user role. It will be appreciated with the benefitof this disclosure that the management policy may include additional andalternative permutations and combinations of criteria that indicatewhether a device can connect to the orchestration framework, whether thedevice can interact with other devices connected to the orchestrationframework, and how the device may interact with those otherinterconnected devices.

Controlling Mobile Device Access to Enterprise Resources in anOrchestration Framework for Connected Devices

Systems and methods for managing data vaults at computing devices andthe content stored in those data vaults are described in conjunctionwith systems and methods for cross-device coordination. It will thus beappreciated aspects of data vault and content management may also beapplied where computing devices are interconnected via an orchestrationframework through a cloud service or in a peer-to-peer fashion. Theorchestration framework may coordinate operation of a computing activityacross the interconnected computing devices such that the computingdevices each perform at least a portion of a computing activity. Inparticular, aspects of data vault management may be applied whentransferring content from a first computing device (the originatingcomputing device) to a second computing device (the destinationcomputing device). Additionally, aspects of content management may beapplied to selectively wipe content that has been transferred betweendevices. In this way, an enterprise may control sensitive content sharedbetween coordinated devices.

FIGS. 42-45 illustrate flowcharts of example method steps for managingthe storage of content at data vaults of interconnected computingdevices. In particular, FIGS. 42-43 are respective flowcharts 4200 and4300 of example method steps for transferring content between computingdevices based on a data vault type of a data vault that stores thecontent at the computing devices. FIG. 44 is a flowchart 4400 of examplemethod steps for carrying out an instruction to wipe contentrespectively stored at interconnected computing devices. FIG. 45 is aflowchart of example method steps for identifying a set of computingdevices available for selection as a destination computing device basedon the respective data vault types of data vaults at the computingdevices. The various steps illustrated in the flowcharts of FIGS. 42-45are described in further detail below. It will also be appreciated thatthe steps are shown by way of example only and that the principlesdisclosed in the flowcharts may be similarly applicable to applicationsresiding at the computing devices and managing the storage of contenttransferred between applications.

In general, an orchestration framework may receive a request to transfercontent from an originating device to a destination device. Theorchestration framework may identify a data vault that stores thecontent at the originating computing device. As described above, thedata vault may be encrypted or unencrypted and thus referred to as anencrypted data vault or an unencrypted data vault respectively.

The orchestration framework may thus instruct the destination device howthe content should be stored at the destination computing device whentransferred to the destination computing device. For example, theenterprise may require that sensitive data at the originating computingdevice be stored at an encrypted data vault. Accordingly, if theorchestration framework determines that the data to transfer is storedat an encrypted data store, the orchestration framework may instruct thedestination computing device to also store the transferred content in anencrypted data store at the destination computing device. If theorchestration framework determines that the originating computing devicestores the transferred content in an unencrypted data vault, then theorchestration framework may instruct the destination computing device toalso store the content in an unencrypted computing device. It will beappreciated that the originating computing device may store content inthe unencrypted data vault because the content has not been designatedas sensitive content. Accordingly, in some example implementations, thedestination computing device may choose to store the content either inan encrypted data vault or an unencrypted data vault.

Before transferring the content to the destination computing device, theoriginating computing device may encrypt the content with an encryptionkey as described above. The originating computing device may alsoprovide the encryption key to the destination computing device such thatthe destination computing device can decrypt the transferred content.

In some example implementations, the orchestration framework may receivea request to transfer content from an originating computing device to adestination computing device. In response to receipt of the request, theorchestration framework may determine whether the destination computingdevice includes an appropriate data vault the second computing devicemay store the content in. For example, if the originating computingdevice stores the content in an encrypted data store, then theorchestration framework may determine whether the destination computingdevice also includes an encrypted data store. If the orchestrationframework, in this example, determines that the destination computingdevice includes an encrypted data store, then the orchestrationframework may initiate and facilitate transfer of the content from theoriginating computing device to the destination computing device. Theorchestration framework may initiate and facilitate the transfer of thecontent by providing one or more instructions to the computing devices.

If, however, the orchestration framework determines that the destinationcomputing device, in this example, does not include an encrypted datavault, then the orchestration framework may block or otherwise preventthe transfer of the content from the orchestration computing device tothe destination computing device. In some example implementations, theorchestration framework may be configured to locate a replacementcomputing device to receive the content to be transferred in response toa determination that the destination computing device does not includean encrypted data vault to store the content. In this example, theorchestration framework may locate a computing device that does includean encrypted data store and select the replacement computing device toreceive the content. The orchestration framework may thus initiate andfacilitate the transfer of the content from the originating computingdevice to the replacement computing device selected to receive thecontent.

As described above the cloud service and orchestration agents mayadvantageously provide for cross-device coordination where sensitivecontent is transferred between computing devices. An enterprise,however, may desire to control the various computing devices that storesensitive content. Accordingly, the cloud service (or orchestrationagent) may issue instructions to any computing devices that receive thecontent instructing those computing device to delete the content. Asdescribed above, such instructions may be referred to as a selectivewipe instruction. In response to receipt of the instruction, a computingdevice may delete at least a portion of the content stored at its datavaults. The instruction may be a general wipe instruction such that acomputing device deletes the content in both the unencrypted data vaultand the encrypted data vault. The instruction may be relatively moretargeted indicating that only content in the encrypted data vault shouldbe deleted. If the computing device includes multiple encrypted datavaults the instruction may identify a particular data vault contentshould be deleted from. In some example implementations, the instructionmay be target particular content stored at a data vault such that thecomputing device only deletes from the data vault the content identifiedin the instruction. Furthermore, the instruction may instruct thecomputing device to delete all of the content stored in the data storeor only a portion of the content stored in the data store.

It will also be appreciated that various computing devices (e.g., thecloud data storage provider may store the content as it is transferredbetween the originating computing device and the destination computingdevice. Accordingly, the orchestration framework may be configured toprovide a wipe instruction to each computing device along the pathbetween the originating computing device and the destination computingdevice such that the transferred content may be wiped from eachpotential computing device that may store the content.

As described above, a user at a computing device may select contentstored in an encrypted data vault to transfer to another computingdevice. In some example implementations, the orchestration framework mayidentify a set of computing devices that also include encrypted datavaults and provide a list of those computing devices to the computingdevice. The list may thus include one or more computing devicesavailable for selection as the destination computing device because thecomputing devices listed include an encrypted data vault to store thetransferred content. Correspondingly, the list may exclude any computingdevices that do not have an encrypted data store to store thetransferred content. In this way, the orchestration framework maycontrol which computing devices are available for selection to transfercontent to based on the types of data vaults at those computing devices.The user may thus select one of the computing devices in the list, andthe orchestration framework may initiate and facilitate the transfer ofthe content to the selected computing device.

In some example implementations, a computing device may include multipledata stores that are separate and distinct from one another. Forexample, a computing device may include a data vault that is a dedicatedarea of storage physically isolated from other data stores of thecomputing device. More particularly, a computing device may include maindata stores of read-only and random access memory for carrying outtypical computing operations. The computing device, in this example, mayalso include a data vault that is physically separate and distinct fromthe main data stores in order to allow for secure management of thecomputing device, applications at the computing device, and anysensitive or confidential resources residing at the computing device.

Single Sign-On Access in an Orchestration Framework for ConnectedDevices

Along with systems and methods for cross-device coordination, systemsand methods for authenticating computing devices are described above. Asdescribed above, a computing device may request authentication in orderto access an enterprise resource. If the computing device issuccessfully authenticated, the computing device may be provided withaccess credentials that allow the computing device to access and utilizethe enterprise resource. In the context of cross-device coordination,access credentials may be provided to multiple computing devicesinterconnected via an orchestration framework such that theinterconnected computing devices may also access the enterprise resourcewhen performing at least a portion of a computing activity.

FIGS. 46-47 illustrate flowcharts of example method steps for obtainingSSO credentials for interconnected computing devices in order to enablethe computing devices to access an enterprise resource. In particular,FIGS. 46-47 are respective flowcharts 4600 and 4700 of example methodsteps for obtaining SSO credentials for interconnected computingdevices. The various steps illustrated in the flowcharts of FIGS. 46-47are described in further detail below. It will also be appreciated thatthe steps are shown by way of example only and that the principlesdisclosed in the flowcharts may be similarly applicable to applicationsresiding at the computing devices and obtaining SSO credentials forapplications such that the applications are enabled to access enterpriseresources.

In general, multiple computing devices may be interconnected through anorchestration framework in a client-server fashion through anorchestration agent at a computing device communication with a cloudserver or in a peer-to-peer fashion through respective orchestrationagents at the computing devices communicating with each other. Multipleinterconnected computing devices may be associated with one another,e.g., through an association with a common user. The interconnectedcomputing devices may interact with one another, e.g., to exchangecontent. A proxy may be configured to authenticate a computing deviceand provide the computing device with a single sign-on (SSO) credentialto access an enterprise resource.

A computing device may submit to the proxy a request to access theenterprise resource. A resource manager may manage access to one or moreenterprise resources. The proxy may thus request access credentials fromthe resource manager on behalf of the computing device in order toobtain access credentials for the computing device as described above.In response to receipt of the request, the proxy may initiateauthentication of the computing device to determine whether thecomputing device is permitted to access the enterprise resource. Uponsuccessful authentication, the proxy may provide the computing device(the authenticated computing device) with an SSO credential receivedfrom the resource manager. The computing device may thus access theenterprise resource using the SSO credential. The proxy may request andthe computing device may provide a unique identifier that the SSOcredential is based on. As described above, the unique identifier maybe, e.g., a signature of the computing device, and the SSO credentialmay be, e.g., a session key.

In a cross-device coordination context, a user may desire that each ofthe interconnected computing devices also have access to the enterpriseresource. Accordingly, after a computing device is authenticated andenabled to access an enterprise resource, one or more additionalcomputing devices may automatically enabled to access the enterpriseresource as well. In some example implementations, the SSO credentialmay be provided to another one of the computing devices such that theother computing device is enabled to access the enterprise resourceusing the SSO credential. The SSO credential may be provided to one,some or all of the computing devices associated with the authenticatedcomputing device. In this way, one computing device may be authenticatedand enabled to access the enterprise resource, and the computing devicesassociated with the computing device may automatically be provided withthe access credentials used to access the enterprise resource. Theorchestration framework may initiate the transfer of the SSO credentialto a computing device. In other example implementations, additionalcomputing devices may be enabled to access the enterprise resource byobtaining individual SSO credentials for each computing device to beenabled to access the enterprise resource. Furthermore, the computingdevice itself may access the enterprise resource using the SSOcredential or the proxy may access the enterprise resource using the SSOcredential on behalf of the computing device.

As an example, a first computing device (an originating computingdevice) may transfer content to a second computing device (a destinationcomputing device). As described above, the originating computing devicemay store the content at a file storage service and initiate anotification to the destination computing device that the content isavailable from the file storage service. Upon receipt of thenotification, the destination computing device may retrieve the contentfrom the file storage service. In this example, the originatingcomputing device may receive an SSO credential that enables theoriginating computing device to access the file storage service. Theoriginating computing device may thus access the file storage serviceusing the SSO credential in order to store the content to transfer tothe destination computing device. The SSO credential may then beprovided to the destination computing device, and the destinationcomputing device may utilize the SSO credential to access the filestorage service and retrieve the transferred content.

A computing device may establish one or more user settings based on theSSO credential. Upon sharing the SSO credential with another computingdevice one or more matching user settings may also be established at theother computing device. In this way, interconnected computing devicesmay be similarly configured for accessing enterprise resources using theSSO credential. In a similar fashion, configuration settings of anapplication at a computing device may be set based on the SSOcredential. The SSO credential may thus be provided to another one ofthe computing devices such that a corresponding application may beconfigured with matching settings based on the SSO credential.Additionally, the orchestration framework may maintain a list thatidentifies the computing devices. The orchestration framework may alsomaintain a list that identifies respective login credentials associatedwith the computing devices connected to the orchestration framework.Furthermore, the orchestration framework may apply one or moremanagement policies to the computing devices or the applications at thecomputing devices based on the SSO credential. In some exampleimplementations, the orchestration framework may select a managementpolicy to apply based on a user role associated with the SSO credential.

As also described above, an originating computing device may initiatetransfer of content to a destination computing device. In somesituations, however, the destination computing device may not include anapplication capable of presenting the computing resource. In response toa determination that the destination computing device does not includean application capable of presenting the transferred content, a clientagent may be launched at the destination computing device. The clientagent may also be configured with a virtual application capable ofpresenting the computing device. In order to enable the client agent orthe virtual application to access the enterprise resource, the SSOcredential may be provided to the client agent at the destinationcomputing device.

The orchestration framework may also be employed to ensure consistencyof SSO credentials between corresponding applications operating atrespective computing devices. For example, SSO credentials mayperiodically timeout, and a user may re-login to obtain new SSOcredentials. Upon receipt of the new SSO credentials after re-login, theorchestration framework may broadcast the new SSO credentials to otherinterconnected computing devices and applications at those computingdevices. In this way, new SSO credentials received at one computingdevice may be automatically kept consistent and made available toassociated computing devices and applications for continued coordinationof computing activities in a seamless fashion.

Application Management Framework for Secure Data Sharing in anOrchestration Framework for Connected Devices

Systems and methods for cross-device coordination among interconnectedcomputing devices are described above in addition to systems and methodsfor applying management policies to applications at computing devicesand convey data between those applications. It will thus be appreciatedthat aspects of management policy configuration and inter-processcommunications may be applied in the cross-device coordination context.In particular, management policies may be respectively applied atcomputing devices that are interconnected via an orchestration frameworkthat coordinates operation of a computing activity across theinterconnected computing devices.

FIGS. 48-50 illustrate flowcharts of example method steps for usingpolicy agents and management policies to manage operation ofinterconnected computing devices. In particular, FIGS. 48-49 arerespective flowcharts 4800 and 4900 of example method steps forproviding a management policy to interconnected computing devices. FIG.50 is a flowchart 5000 of example method steps for transferring contentfrom one computing device subject to a management policy to anothercomputing device subject to a management policy. The various stepsillustrated in the flowcharts of FIGS. 48-50 are described in furtherdetail below. It will also be appreciated that the steps are shown byway of example only and that the principles disclosed in the flowchartsmay be similarly applicable to applications residing at the computingdevices and using policy agents and management policies to manageoperation of applications subject to the policy agents.

An orchestration framework may interconnect one or more computingdevices and facilitate interaction between those computing devices asdescribed above. Additionally, a set of computing devices may beinterconnected in a peer-to-peer fashion in which an orchestration agentfacilitates interaction between the computing devices. A policy agent atthe computing devices may be in signal communication with a policymanager. In some example implementations, the policy manager may belocated remote from the policy agent, e.g., at the orchestrationframework. The policy agent may utilize a management policy receivedfrom the policy manager to control the operation and functionality ofthe various applications residing at the computing devices. As describedin detail above, the policy agent may be an application wrapper thatwraps an application at a computing device. Accordingly, a computingdevice may include multiple policy agents as the respective applicationwrappings of the applications at the computing device. In other exampleimplementations, the policy agent may be a management policy enforcementagent that resides at the computing device distinct from theapplications. When an application is subject to a policy agent thatcontrols operation of the application, the application may be referredto as a managed application. If the application is not subject to apolicy agent, then the application may be referred to as an unmanagedapplication.

The policy manager may provide one or more management policies to theinterconnected computing devices. The policy agents at the computingdevices may thus apply the management policies to permit theapplications to carry out various functionality or prevent theapplications from carrying the functionality. The management policiesmay be global management policies that apply to all of theinterconnected computing devices or applications or that apply toindividual computing devices or applications as described in detailabove. An orchestration framework may provide a management policyconfiguration interface that provides controls allowing anadministrative user to add, modify, or delete management policyinformation. For example, the administrative user may create newmanagement policies or modify existing management policies with updatedmanagement policy information.

In a cross-device coordination context, it may be desired thatinterconnected computing devices operate with respect to the samemanagement policies. For example, it may be desired that each computingdevice associated with a user operate under a common management policythat is configured for the user role of the user. Accordingly, a policyagent of a computing device may request a management policy from thepolicy manager, and the policy manager may provide the computing devicewith a requested management policy when the management policy isavailable. If the requested management policy is not available, thepolicy manager may notify the computing device that the requestedmanagement policy is not available.

In some example implementations, the policy agent may request indicationof whether it has the most up-to-date management policy, in other words,whether the policy manager includes updated management policyinformation, e.g., a new or updated management policy. If the policymanager does include updated management policy information, then thepolicy agent may request the update management policy information fromthe policy manager. As noted above, the policy manager may provideupdate management policy information to a policy agent at a computingdevice in response to receipt of a request from the policy agent at thepolicy manager. In some example implementations, however, the policymanager may push the updated management policy information to the policyagent in response to receipt of the updated management policyinformation at the policy manager. In this way, the policy agents at thecomputing devices may receive the management policies without requestingthem from the policy manager.

The policy agent may monitor the applications at a computing device andrequest the management policy in response to a determination that anapplication has launched at the computing device. The policy agent mayrequest and receive updated management policy information when it isavailable from the policy manager as described above. In this way, thepolicy agent may ensure that it has the most up-to-date managementpolicies before the application is permitted to operate, e.g., to accessenterprise resources.

In order to consistently apply the management policy to the computingdevices associated with a user, the requested management policy may alsobe provided to one or more of the interconnected computing devicesassociated with the user. Accordingly, in response to receipt of arequest for a management policy, the policy manager may identify thecomputing devices associated with the computing device that requestedthe management policy. The policy manager may then initiate transfer ofthe requested management policy to at least one of the computing devicesassociated with the computing device that requested the managementpolicy.

The policy agents at the computing devices may thus apply the managementpolicy to manage interaction between the interconnected computingdevices. For example, a policy agent may manage the interaction betweenone application at a first computing device and a second application atanother computing device. A policy agent may also apply the managementpolicy to manage communications between applications at the samecomputing device.

As described above, interconnected computing devices may exchangecontent such that content residing at one computing device (theoriginating computing device) may be provided to a second computingdevice (the destination computing device). The destination computingdevice may thus present the transferred content at an application at thesecond computing device. Accordingly, the orchestration framework mayreceive a request from the originating computing device to presentcontent at an application at a destination device. The policy agent maythus determine whether the application at the destination computingdevice is subject to a policy agent. If the application at thedestination device is not subject to a policy agent (e.g., if theapplication is an unmanaged application), then the policy agent mayblock or otherwise prevent the originating computing device fromtransferring the content to the destination computing device. If,however, the application at the destination device is subject to apolicy agent (e.g., if the application is a managed application), thenthe orchestration framework may initiate and facilitate transfer of thecontent to the destination application. In this way, an enterprise mayensure that content is only transferred between devices and applicationsthat include policy agents in order to control the use of that content.

In some example implementations, the orchestration framework may attemptto locate another application at the destination computing device thatis subject to a policy agent. If another application subject to a policyagent is located at the destination computing device, then transfer ofthe content to that application may be initiated. In other exampleimplementations, the orchestration framework may attempt to locateanother application at a different computing device associated with theoriginating computing device. If a different computing device thatincludes an application that is subject to a policy agent is located,then that computing device may be selected as the destination device tosend the transferred content to.

If the destination computing device does not include an application thatis capable of presenting the transferred content and that is subject toa policy agent, a client agent subject to a policy agent may be launchedat the destination device. The client agent may thus be configured witha virtual application that is capable of presenting the transferredcontent, and the transferred content may be provided to the virtualapplication for presentation.

As described above, a user may select content at a computing device tobe presented at another computing connected to the computing device.Upon selection of the content to transfer, a list may be displayedlisting computing devices available for selection as the destinationcomputing device. The user may then select one of the computing devicesfrom the list, and the content may be transferred to the selectedcomputing device for presentation. In some example implementations, anorchestration framework may identify applications at the connectedcomputing devices that are subject to policy agents and applications atthe connected computing devices that are not subject to policy agents.The orchestration framework may thus indicate to the originatingcomputing device the applications at the connected computing devicesthat are and are not subject to a policy agent. Accordingly, the list ofcomputing devices available for selection as the destination computingdevice may include computing devices that are subject to a policy agentand exclude computing devices that are not subject to a policy agent. Inthis way, the list of computing may, in some examples, only displaycomputing devices that include applications capable of presenting theselected content and that are subject to a policy agent.

Enterprise Application Store for Orchestration Framework for ConnectedDevices

An enterprise application store for delivering applications to computingdevices is also described above. Aspects of the enterprise applicationstore may be applied in the cross-device coordination context. Inparticular, an orchestration framework may interconnect multiplecomputing devices such that the orchestration framework coordinates acomputing activity across the computing devices. The computing devicesmay also be connected to an enterprise application store that deliversapplications to the interconnected computing devices in order to enablecomputing devices to perform at least a portion of the computingactivity. The interconnected computing devices may be associated with acommon user.

FIGS. 51-52 illustrate flowcharts of example method steps forcoordinating computing activities across computing devicesinterconnected via an orchestration framework and connected to anapplication store. In particular, FIG. 51 is a flowchart 5100 of examplemethod steps for coordinating operation of a computing at activity atmultiple computing devices interconnected through the orchestrationframework. FIG. 52 is a flowchart of example method steps for selectingan interconnected computing device to perform at least a portion of thecomputing activity. Furthermore, an enterprise application store may beutilized to deliver applications to interconnected computing devices inorder to equip those computing devices with applications to perform atleast a portion of the computing activity It will also be appreciatedthat the steps are shown by way of example only and that the principlesdisclosed in the flowcharts may be similarly applicable to computingdevices interconnected via the orchestration framework using aclient-server communication session or a peer-to-peer communicationsession.

The enterprise application store may deliver applications to thecomputing devices interconnected via the orchestration framework asnoted above. A user may access the application store from one computingdevice and select an application to be downloaded to that computingdevice or another computing device associated with that computing deviceand interconnected with that computing device via the orchestrationframework. The orchestration framework may also automatically identifyand provide applications to computing devices in order to enable thosecomputing devices to perform at least a portion of a coordinatedcomputing activity. It will be appreciated that the virtual workspacemay also prepare applications as managed applications before deliveringthe applications to a computing device. The enterprise application storemay also deliver management policies to the interconnected computingdevices for managing operation of the computing devices and managedapplications at those computing devices. If, for example, theapplication to provide the destination computing device is an unmanagedapplication, the enterprise application store may modify the unmanagedapplication to include a policy agent as described above such that theunmanaged application becomes a managed application. The policy agentmay thus enforce one or more management policies during operation of themanaged application at the destination computing device.

As noted above, the application store may automatically provideapplications to the interconnected computing devices in order tocoordinate operation of a computing activity across the computingdevices. When a computing device (an originating computing device)submits a request to perform at least a portion of a computing activityat another computing device (a destination computing device), theorchestration framework may determine whether the destination computingdevice includes an application that is capable of performing thecomputing activity. If the destination computing device does not includean application that is capable of performing the computing activity,then the application store may identify an application available fromthe application store that is capable of performing the computingactivity and initiate download of the application to the destinationcomputing device. The destination computing device may thus utilize thereceived application to perform at least a portion of the computingactivity.

In one example, a user may interconnect via an orchestration framework atablet computer, a television display device, and a mobile telephoneduring a presentation. The user may desire to obtain an audio recordingof the presentation and may desire to use a microphone at the mobiletelephone to record the audio. The user may submit from the tabletcomputer a request via the orchestration framework to record audio usingthe mobile telephone. The mobile telephone may not include an audiorecording application however. Accordingly, the orchestration frameworkmay query the enterprise application store to identify a mobiletelephone application that is capable of recording audio and that ispermitted to be received and launched at the mobile telephone. Theorchestration framework may thus initiate a download of the audiorecording application from the application store to the mobile phone. Insome instances, the enterprise application store may prepare the audiorecording application as a managed application and provide themanagement policies to the mobile phone along with the application.Having received the audio recording application, the mobile phone mayrecord the presentation for the user and, e.g., transfer the audiorecording via the orchestration framework to the tablet computer at theconclusion of the presentation. The management policy may also indicatethat the audio recording application be deleted from the mobiletelephone at the conclusion of the presentation, and the applicationstore may track which application are provided to which computingdevices. Accordingly, the orchestration framework may, through themanagement policies and a selective wipe feature described above, ensurethat applications automatically provided by the application store do notreside at destination computing devices longer than needed to perform adesired computing activity.

The enterprise application store may also be configured to recommendapplications for delivery to computing devices based on the type ofcomputing device or, additionally or alternatively, the capabilities ofthe computing device. For example, if a computing device is capable ofpresenting video content (e.g., includes a video output device), thenthe application store may recommend video output applications fordelivery to the computing device. As another example, if a computingdevice is capable of presenting audio content (e.g., includes an audiooutput device), then the application store may recommend audio outputapplications for delivery to the computing devices. As a furtherexample, if a computing device is capable of editing a document (e.g.,includes a keyboard input device), then the application store mayrecommend document editing applications for delivery to the computingdevice. Additional and alternative recommendations will be appreciated.

Before providing an application to a destination computing device, theorchestration framework may determine whether the destination computingdevice is permitted to perform the computing activity or receive theapplication capable of performing the computing activity. Theorchestration framework may make the determination based on one or moremanagement policies maintained by the application store. The managementpolicy may indicate whether the computing device is permitted to performthe computing activity or receive the application based on the type ofthe computing device or a user associated with the computing device(e.g., a user role associated with the user). If the management policyindicates that the computing device is permitted to receive theapplication and is permitted to perform at least a portion of thecomputing activity, then the orchestration framework may initiatedownload of the application to the destination computing device. If,however, the destination computing device is not permitted to receivethe application or not permitted to perform at least a portion of thecomputing activity, then the orchestration framework may not initiate(block or otherwise prevent) the download of the application to thedestination computing device.

The orchestration framework may also dynamically determine a set ofcomputing devices to present as a list of available for selection as adestination computing device. The orchestration framework may configurethe list based on the capabilities of potential destination computingdevice or, additionally or alternatively, based on the managementpolicies indicating whether the potential destination computing devicesare permitted to perform at least a portion of the computing activity.In one example, the list of computing devices available for selection asa destination computing device may include computing devices capable ofperforming at least a portion of the computing activity and excludescomputing devices not capable of performing at least a portion of thecomputing activity. In another example, the list of computing devicesavailable for selection as a destination computing device may includecomputing devices permitted to receive an application capable ofperforming at least a portion of the computing activity and excludes anycomputing devices that are not permitted to receive such an application.In a further example, the list of computing devices available forselection as a destination computing device may include computingdevices permitted to perform at least a portion of the computingactivity and exclude any computing devices that are not permitted toperform at least a portion of the computing activity.

In some example instances, the destination computing device may notinclude an application capable of performing at least a portion of thecomputing activity and may not permitted to receive an applicationcapable of performing the computing activity. In this example, theorchestration framework may initiate download of a client agent from theenterprise application store to the destination computing device. Theclient agent may be configured with a virtual application that iscapable of performing at least a portion of the computing activity. Inthis way, the orchestration framework may thus coordinate operation ofat least a portion of the computing activity at the destinationcomputing device.

The computing devices may also be interconnected via the orchestrationframework to a virtual workspace. The virtual workspace may allow a userto access, manage, and utilize various types of workspace content, whichmay include a set of tasks, messages, contacts, events, computer files,applications, calendars, and other types of workspace content. Theenterprise application store may also be used to provide computingdevices with applications capable of presenting content selected fromthe virtual workspace. For example, a user may select workspace contentto view at a computing device. The computing device, however, may notinclude an application capable of presenting the selected workspacecontent to view. Accordingly, the orchestration framework may initiate adownload of an application capable of presenting the selected workspacecontent from the application store to the computing device such that thecomputing device can view the selected workspace content.

The orchestration framework may, in some example implementations,automatically determine which application to download to a computingdevice. For example, the workspace content may be associated with aworkspace content type. The virtual workspace may maintain a list ofassociations between workspace content type and an application capableof presenting workspace content of the workspace content type.Additionally or alternatively, the virtual workspace may maintain a listof associations between workspace content type and a computing devicecapable of presenting workspace content of the workspace content type.The associations may be general associations applicable to workspacecontent across virtual workspaces. The associations may additionally oralternatively be user-specific such that each user may define whichapplications or computing devices should automatically be selected topresent workspace content. Accordingly, the virtual workspace mayprovide one or more controls that allow a user to establish or modifyassociations between workspace content type, interconnected computingdevices, and applications. For example, a user may specify that atelevision display device connected to the orchestration frameworkshould present video content when the user selects video content forpresentation. As another example a user may specify that a tabletcomputing device connected to the orchestration framework should presentweb-based content (e.g., web pages) when the user selects web-basedcontent for presentation. Moreover, when a type of workspace content isassociated with a particular application, the orchestration frameworkmay automatically locate a computing that includes that application andselect that computing device to present the workspace content of thattype.

In some situations, the orchestration framework may determine that noneof the interconnected computing devices is capable of presenting theworkspace content. In response, a virtual client may be launched at oneof the computing devices and configured to include a virtual applicationthat is capable of presenting the selected workspace content. Havinglaunched the client agent and configured the client agent with thevirtual application, the selected workspace content may be provided tothe virtual application at the client agent for presentation.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.Rather, the specific features and acts described above are described asexample implementations of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: interconnecting a pluralityof computing devices through an orchestration framework that coordinatesoperation of a computing activity across multiple computing devices ofthe plurality of computing devices; initiating a computing activity at afirst computing device of the plurality of computing devices; receivinga request from the first computing device to perform at least a portionof the activity at a second computing device of the plurality ofcomputing devices; determining whether to instruct the second computingdevice to perform at least a portion of the computing activity based, atleast in part, on a first operation mode of the first computing deviceand a second operation mode of the second computing device; instructing,via the orchestration framework, the second computing device to performat least a portion of the computing activity responsive to adetermination that the first operation mode is the same as the secondoperation mode; and wherein the first operation mode and the secondoperation mode are one of a plurality of operation modes that include amanaged operation mode and an unmanaged operation mode.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: instructing, via the orchestrationframework, the second computing device to perform at least a portion ofthe computing activity responsive to a determination that the firstoperation mode is the unmanaged operation mode and that the secondoperation mode is the managed operation mode; and providing noinstruction to the second computing device responsive to a determinationthat the first operation mode is the managed operation mode and that thesecond operation mode is the unmanaged operation mode.
 3. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: determining that the first operation mode isthe managed operation mode and that the second operation mode is theunmanaged operation mode; instructing, via the orchestration framework,the second computing device to change the second operation mode to themanaged operation mode; and wherein the second computing device isinstructed to perform at least a portion of the computing activity afterthe second computing device changes the second operation mode to themanaged operation mode.
 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising:identifying at the second computing device an application that iscapable of performing at least a portion of the computing activity;determining that the application is in the unmanaged operation mode;instructing, via the orchestration framework, the application to changeto the managed operation mode; and wherein the second computing deviceis instructed to perform at least a portion of the computing activityusing the application after the application changes to the managedoperation mode.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the portion of thecomputing activity performed at the second computing device includespresentation of content associated with the computing activity.
 7. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the portion of the computing activityperformed at the second computing device includes receipt of inputassociated with the computing activity.
 8. An apparatus comprising: atleast one processor; memory storing computer-readable instructions that,when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus tointerconnect a plurality of computing devices through an orchestrationframework that coordinates operation of a computing activity acrossmultiple computing devices of the plurality of computing devices,receive a request to perform at least a portion of a computing activityinitiated at a first computing device of the plurality of computingdevices at a second computing device of the plurality of computingdevice, determine whether to instruct the second computing device toperform at least a portion of the computing activity based, at least inpart, on a first operation mode of the first computing device and asecond operation mode of the second computing device, and instruct, viathe orchestration framework, the second computing device to perform atleast a portion of the computing activity responsive to a determinationthat the first operation mode is the same as the second operation mode;and wherein the first operation mode and the second operation mode areone of a plurality of operation modes that include a managed operationmode and an unmanaged operation mode.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor,further cause the apparatus to: determine that the first operation modeof the first computing device is the managed operation mode; determinethat the second operation mode of the second computing device is theunmanaged operation mode; and instruct the second computing device tochange the second operation mode to the managed operation mode beforethe portion of the computing activity is performed at the secondcomputing device.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the instructions,when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatusto block performance of the portion of the computing activity by thesecond computing device responsive to a determination that the firstoperation mode is not the same as the second operation mode.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 8 wherein the instructions, when executed by the atleast one processor, further cause the apparatus to: apply a managementpolicy when determining whether to instruct the second computing deviceto perform at least a portion of the computing activity; and wherein thedetermination of whether to instruct the second computing device toperform at least a portion of the computing activity is based, at leastin part, on the respective operation modes of the first computing deviceand the second computing device.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein:the management policy permits the second computing device to perform atleast a portion of the computing activity when the first operation modeof the first computing device is the same as the second operation modeof the second computing device; the management policy permits the secondcomputing device to perform at least a portion of the computing activitywhen the first operation mode of the first computing device is theunmanaged operation mode and the second operation mode of the secondcomputing device is the managed operation mode; and the managementpolicy does not permit the second computing device to perform at least aportion of the computing activity when the first operation mode of thefirst computing device is the managed operation mode and the secondoperation mode of the second computing device is the unmanaged operationmode.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the portion of the computingactivity performed at the second computing device includes at least oneof a presentation of content associated with the computing activity, areceipt of input associated with the computing activity, andcombinations thereof.
 14. One or more non-transitory computer-readablemedia storing instructions that, when executed, cause a computing deviceto: connect to one or more computing devices through an orchestrationframework that coordinates operation of a computing activity across thecomputing device and the one or more computing devices; initiate acomputing activity; receive an indication of a selected computing deviceto perform at least a portion of the computing activity; display a listof computing devices available for selection as the selected computingdevice wherein the list of computing devices is based on an operationmode of the computing device and the operation mode is one of aplurality of operation modes that include a managed operation mode andan unmanaged operation mode; and providing a request to theorchestration framework to instruct the selected computing device toperform at least a portion of the computing activity.
 15. Thecomputer-readable media of claim 14 wherein: the list of computingdevices includes at least one selectable computing device having anoperation mode that is the same as the operation mode of the computingdevice; and the list of computing devices excludes any computing devicehaving an operation mode that is not the same as the operation mode ofthe computing device.
 16. The computer-readable media of claim 14wherein: the operation mode of the computing device is the managedoperation mode; and the list of computing devices includes at least oneselectable computing device having an operation mode that is the managedoperation mode.
 17. The computer-readable media of claim 14 wherein: theoperation mode of the computing device is the unmanaged operation mode;and the list of computing devices includes at least one selectablecomputing device having an operation mode that is the managed operationmode or the unmanaged operation mode.
 18. The computer-readable media ofclaim 14 wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause thecomputing device to: launch an application responsive to receipt of aninstruction via the orchestration framework wherein the instructionindicates a desired operation mode for the application; set theoperation mode of the application to the desired operation mode; andprovide a notification via the orchestration framework indicating thatthe application has been launched with the desired operation mode. 19.The computer-readable media of claim 18 wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, further cause the computing device to: perform at least aportion of another computing activity initiated at another computingdevice of the one or more computing devices using the application; andwherein the portion of the other computing activity performed by theapplication includes at least one of a presentation of contentassociated with the computing activity, a receipt of input associatedwith the computing activity, and combinations thereof.
 20. Thecomputer-readable media of claim 14 wherein the orchestration frameworkis configured to interconnect the computing device and the one or morecomputing devices via at least one of a client-server communicationsession, a peer-to-peer communication session, and combinations thereof.